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Life of Alessandro Manzoni

was born in Milan on March 7, 1785 by Giulia Beccaria, Cesare Beccaria's daughter author of "On Crimes and Punishments," and Count Pietro Manzoni (Lecco member of the gentry). His first two years of life were spent in the farmhouse Coast Galbally, having to nurse from Catherine Panzeri. This fact is evidenced by the plate that is still posted in this farm. Following the separation of parents (her mother lives since 1793 with the cultured and wealthy Imbonati Charles, first in England, then France, Paris), Alessandro Manzoni 1791 to 1803 was educated in religious colleges, the first from 1796 to 1798 the College of St. Anthony in Merate Somaschi fathers and Lugano, then at Barnabiti. Although intolerant of such pedantic education, which also denounced the disciplinary boundaries, and even being considered a lazy student, he comes from such studies, a good classical education and literary taste. Fifteen years developed a sincere passion for poetry and wrote two remarkable sonnets. His maternal grandfather taught him to draw from observation of reality, strict and universal conclusions. The young Manzoni lived from 1803 to 1805 with the old Don Pedro, devotes much of his time with the girls and gambling, but also a way to attend the Environment enlightened aristocracy and upper classes in Milan. The neoclassical complacency of the time the first inspires the poetic experience, modulated on the work of Vincenzo Monti, literary idol of the moment. But besides these, Manzoni turns to Giuseppe Parini, a spokesman for the ideals of the Enlightenment, and the need to raise moral, and Francesco Lomonaco, an exile from Naples. This period should be the triumph of freedom, Adda, the four sermons that bear the imprint of Monti and Parini, but also the echo of Virgil and Horace. The method of writing and poetry manzonesco of this period is very close to the classical tradition. In 1805
reaches the mother in the district of Auteuil in Paris, where he spent two years, participating in the literary circle of so-called ideologues, philosophers of the nineteenth century school, among which makes many friends, notably Claude Fauriel (which will have a strong influence on the formation of Manzoni, Alessandro fact Fauriel instilled a great interest in history and understand that it must write in rigid models and fixed in time, but must be able to express feelings that will enable them to write in a more "real", so as to "strike" the heart of the reader) and have the opportunity to learn the theories of agnostic. Alex soaks you to the French culture in classical art, skeptical and sensationalist in philosophy (the senses are the basis of knowledge, the Enlightenment and the rational critique of reality, and fight prejudice and tradition-derived authority, the religious problems are not based on experience, but on superstition) and assist the development of rationalism towards romantic location.
In 1806-1807, while it is at Auteuil, appears for the first time in public as a poet, with two pieces, one entitled Urania, in the neoclassical style of which then he will become the most strenuous opponent each other, rather , an elegy in blank verse, on the death of Count Carlo Imbonati, from which, through his mother, will inherit considerable wealth, including the villa of Brusuglio, since become his principal residence.
Through Fauriel, Manzoni comes into contact with the German Romantic aesthetics, even before Madame de Stael the spread in Italy. In 1809, after the publication of his poem Urania, Manzoni declares that it will write no more verses like, adhering to the romantic poetry, according to which poetry should not be intended for an elite educated and sophisticated, but must be of general interest and to interpret the aspirations and ideas of readers. Manzoni is now on the path of romantic realism, but never accept the belief of both the romance and of his own Fauriel that poetry should be naive expression of the soul, and then never give up the intellectual domain of feeling and expression in a subsidiary formal feature of all the romance italiano.Nel 1811 Manzoni, former anti-clerical reaction upbringing and indifferent rather than an agnostic or atheist with respect to the religious problem, it approximates to the Church. In 1808, in Milan, the writer had married the Calvinist Henriette Blondel (1791-1833), daughter of a banker in Geneva, the marriage proved happy, crowned by the birth of nine children. Back in Paris, the association with the priest Degola Eustachio, Genoa, Jansenist (which is derived from St. Augustine the absolutist interpretation of the problem of predestination, grace and free will), the couple takes one o'clock abjuration of Calvinism and the other to a rapprochement with Catholic religious practice (1810).
This reconciliation with Catholicism is the writer for the result of long meditations, his attitude, even in its narrow orthodoxy (ie in the need to adhere strictly to the dictates of the Church), has lead him to the colorings Jansenist strict interpretation of the Catholic religion and morality. The rediscovery of faith for Manzoni was the logical consequence of the direct and dissolve, in the early 800, the myth of reason, conceived as eternally valid and reliable source of feedback, so we need to find a new firm foundation of morality. Lost, therefore, the hope of achieving peace through reason, life and history seemed to him romantically immersed in a vain, distressing, unexplained disorder that keep people in desperate need to find a worldly view. In Manzoni, therefore, the existential restlessness fervent faith consists in reconciling it with the firmness intellectual.
His intellectual energy in the time immediately following the conversion was undertaken in the composition of five hymns: The Resurrection, The Name of Mary, Christmas, Passion and Pentecost, a series of poems on the principal liturgical feasts. It is also dedicated to a treaty, Observations on Catholic morality, which is undertaken under the guidance of religious Monsignor Luigi Tosi (Degola which he had entrusted the spiritual leader of the Manzoni family on their return to Italy), in reparation to its initial distance from the faith.
important in the spiritual evolution of Manzoni was also Antonio Rosmini which formed a deep friendship. Rosmini, on his deathbed, he will own the comfort of Manzoni, which leaves the spiritual testament: Worship, shut up and enjoy.
In 1818 he sold all his possessions Lecco, including the Caleotto family villa where he spent his childhood. Intended to move permanently to France and had sold the house in Via Morone in Milan, but negotiations with Gian Giacomo Poldi Pezzoli were interrupted because the Austrian authorities denied him a passport.
In 1819 Manzoni published his first tragedy, The Count of Carmagnola, which generated a lively controversy because it violated courage all the classic conventions. An article published on an important literary magazine criticized him severely, on the other hand was even Goethe said in his defense, along with less well-known critic from Pieve Ligure Trincheri.
The death of Napoleon in 1821 inspired Manzoni's famous lyric poem The May 5. The political events of that year, combined with the imprisonment of many of his friends, weighed much on Manzoni's mind, and his work from that time was mainly inspired by the historical studies that tried to Brusuglio distraction after retiring.
Meanwhile, around episode dell'Innominato, historically identified as Francesco Bernardino Visconti, the novel began to take shape Fermo and Lucia, the original version The Betrothed, which was completed in September 1822. After review by friends between 1825 and 1827, it was published, one volume per year, leading to a sudden, a very famous literary author.
Also in 1822, Manzoni published his second tragedy, Adelchi, which is the overthrow by Charlemagne of the Lombard domination in Italy, and containing many veiled allusions to employment in Austria, in particular the figure of Ermengarde reminiscent of ' childhood friend Teresa Casati Confalonieri, for which, in 1830, will compose the epitaph gravestone at the historic Shrine of Soncino in Muggiò Casati Stampa (Milan). Following
Manzoni, to form the final draft the novel's formal and stylistic level, he moved to Florence in 1827, so get in touch and "live" the language of educated people of Florence, who represented the author the only language of unified Italy. I then reworked Betrothed after rinse "in Arno" making use of Italian in the form of Tuscany, and in 1840 published this rewrite. By assuming that this was the first true piece of Italian fruit total. These prints also the story of the infamous column, an essay that summarizes and develops the theme of the spreaders and the plague, which already had so much in the novel, which originally was an excursus storico.La Manzoni's life was saddened many sorrows. The loss of his wife in 1833 was followed by that of several of his children including the eldest daughter Julia, wife of Massimo D'Azeglio, mother and friend Fauriel. On January 2, 1837 he married his second wife, Teresa Borri, widow of Count Decio Press. He also survived the latter, while of nine children from his first marriage, only two died after the father.
In 1860 he was appointed senator in the First Parliament of unified Italy: voted for such office, in 1864, in favor of moving the capital from Turin to Florence as long as Rome was not freed. As chairman of the parliamentary committee on the language he wrote in 1868, a short treatise on the Italian language: Of the unity of Italian language and the means to spread it.
The death of his eldest son, Pier Luigi, 28 April 1873, was the final blow which hastened the end of Manzoni, after a fall at the exit from the church of San Fedele in Milan, where it suffered a head injury: its terms had a rapid collapse and he immediately fell ill, died of cerebral meningitis, May 22 in Milan. In the city Ambrosian the solemn funeral was held in the Cemetery, which saw a huge participation and presence of the princes and all the highest authorities of the state. In 1874, the anniversary of the death, Giuseppe Verdi composed his Requiem Mass to honor his memory and he personally directed the implementation in the church of San Marco. In 1883, ten years after his death, his tomb was moved to the memorial chapel of the Monumental Cemetery in Milan. Manzoni
The first section was written by Cesare Cantù (1885), Angelo de Gubernatis (1879), Arturo Graf (1898). One of the letters was published by John Manzoni Sforza (historian) in 1882. The last remaining branch of the family by Alessandro Manzoni is one of the accounts of Lugo di Romagna. Manzoni was appointed honorary citizen of Rome.

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Background and characters

The Betrothed is a historical novel by Alessandro Manzoni, considered the most important novel of Italian literature and the literary work more representative of the Risorgimento Italian. It was published in an early version from 1824 to 1827 and later revised and republished by the same author in the final version between 1840 and 1842.
Set in 1628 in Italy, during the English occupation, was the first example of a historical novel of Italian literature. Although the setting had been chosen by Manzoni with the obvious intention of alluding to the Austrian rule on northern Italy, the novel is also known for the effective description of some historical events of the seventeenth century, especially the plague of 1629 - 1631.
Manzoni's novel is not only considered a cornerstone of Italian literature, but also a fundamental step in the very birth of the Italian language. It is a readings forced the Italian school system and is the source of many expressions in common usage of the language.

BOARD OF CHARACTERS

Don Abbondio

Perpetua

Renzo Tramaglino

Lucia Mondella

Agnes

Azzecca-tangles

Father Christopher

Don Rodrigo

Griso

Monaca di Monza (Gertrude)

Uncle Earl

Unnamed

Bortolo

Federico Borromeo

Women Prassede

Don Ferrante

Conte Attilio

Tonio

Zumba Clothing Stores

We define a "telescopic" structure of the Betrothed for the expansion of perspectives, from the early chapters closed in the small village of the characters, spaces always involves broader and more historical facts on a European scale. - The first eight chapters (I-VIII) are the section of villagers because of the place is the village where they live Renzo and Lucia. Here the story begins with the non-celebration the wedding, here counts the characters of fiction, which are present throughout the course of history: the betrothed, the girl's mother, Agnes, the parish priest, Fr abundance and, of course, the persecutor Don Rodrigo, who lives in a building just distante.Cronologicamente villagers section presents a narrative very slow and a large number of facts, concentrated in four days, 7 to 10 November 1628. - The second and third sections of the novel, including in particular the chapters IX-XVII and XVIII-XXVI. The stories of engaged diverge: Lucia comes into contact with the characters "historical" (the nun of Monza, the Nameless, Cardinal Borromeo, after his release). She performs, the completely unconscious, the role of instrument of Providence, because it has a significant part in the conversion of the Unnamed. The scenes that take place the protagonist in a confined space (the convent, the castle, the tailor's house where he stays after the liberation). The time in which he lives his adventures is definitely known. Lorenzo, however, moves in open space: Milan, Lombardy countryside, the Adda, the territory of Bergamo. He remains involved in riots against the high cost of living in Milan, where, over two days (11 and November 12) participate in the revolt, he gets drunk, fights with a guest, you believe an insurgent, he falls into the trap of a spy , you stop, but manages to escape. On 13 November, here it is free in the Bergamo area, at the time of his cousin Bortolo, at which it stops a lot of time not specified. - The fourth and fifth sections are made in Chapters XXVII-XXXII and XXXIII-XXXVIII. There are described, following the chronicles of the time, sparing no details and the famine in the Milanese, the war for the possession of Mantua (episode "Italian" of the thirty-year war that has bloodied Europe) and fever that Imperial soldiers (the notorious mercenaries) spread in the duchy and surrounding areas. Renzo was cured from the disease and returned to Milan in search of Lucy. After he found it, goes to the country. Their fates are finally here and join the celebrated wedding. The characters are all essential to the story: the engaged, first, his mother Agnes and then Don Abbondio. The wide-ranging narrative is made and also appears a long ellipse (that is not told anything about what happens to our heroes in the year 1629) which is skim the story. But the parties that demonstrate the causes of the three scourges are very dense and dry, real historiographical accounts that weigh down the pace and led the critic and philosopher Benedetto Croce (1866-1952) to consider it absolutely free pages of poetry, if not superfluous (Benedetto Croce, in an essay of 1952, vehemently denies the poetic character of the novel, arguing that it is too rigid and uncompromising moralism Manzoni, while indulging style oratory and historic parts are heavy). We define a "telescopic" structure of the Betrothed, the prospects for the expansion, the early chapters closed in the small village of the characters, spaces always involves broader and more historical facts on a European scale. As you can see the plot (ie the provision of events chosen by the author) is quite complex, because it takes into account the need to develop flash-back to illustrate to the reader some background. So do not always coincide with the natural sequence of events, called fabula. We see, for example, the points where the author recounts the life of some characters. In the fourth chapter focuses on the youth's father Christopher and a tragic episode, which is essential to understand the character and the important choices that lie at the basis of his attitude in defense of the humble. Similarly two chapters (the X and XI) tell the large number of riding schools that are able to force Gertrude in the cloistered convent of Monza, the history of the Unnamed is synthesized (Chapter XIX) to better illustrate the scope of its "conversion", while the life of Cardinal Borromeo is proposed (Chapter XXII) almost as the model of Christian behavior. You add the digressions about the conditions of the Milanese in the seventeenth century, the social situation, the classes and the system of government. Still narrative is interrupted to explain the cause of the riots for the high price of bread, the cause of the descent of the mercenaries, the spread of the plague of ignorance, superstition and incompetence of both the population of those involved in protecting public health. Against the author of the story itself as omniscient narrator, which is above the story, already aware of "how it will end," and then in a position to make judgments, play down with soft tones, ironic take on the emotional reactions of the characters . Its focus is a zero, because, being outside of events, and critical remarks, as a director who directs the staging of a scene, it takes the point of view of any character, but currency with impartiality. Sometimes the author is directly involved, addressing the audience: "think now my twenty-five readers ..." (Chapter I) or with a clear moral judgments: "The prince (no holding him in the heart of this moment the title of father )...". (Chapter X), or as when it introduces irony (which corresponds to an opinion, while nuanced and tempered) to emphasize the complaint of the Archbishop of Agnes by Don Abbondio excuses to postpone the wedding: "Do not leave out the pretext of 'over which he had brought into play (ah, Agnes!) "(chapter XXIV). That author, however, is not the only narrator of the novel: do not forget the fiction of the manuscript. Indeed Manzoni Imagine transcribing a book prepared by an anonymous and occasionally hiding behind the responsibilities of that. For example, when you do not want to disclose the name of the Unnamed (which, thus, is more mysterious and beautiful), he said, referring also to the place where the castle stands: "This is the description of the place is that the anonymous : the name, nothing, indeed, not to put on the road to find out, says nothing of the journey of Don Rodrigo ...". In fact, the gentleman is going to ask him to kidnap Lucia dall'innominato the convent at Monza. It happens, however, that the author falls into the characters, taking the point of view is not the position prevalent, but sometimes it happens that the narrator adopts a domestic focus. We notice it in the monologues of Renzo fleeing: "I do the devil I kill all the gentlemen! A bundle of letters, I !..." (Chapter XVII).

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The landscape structure in

The use of the landscape in Betrothed is a very important technical factor that leads to solving a fundamental problem: how to show the reader deep into the soul of the characters while giving a spatial location in the open the story (the open field contrasts with the closed field represented by a house or even a room), and is always described with great sobriety. Is often the commentary on events and the mirror the mood of the characters. The famous description of that branch of Lake Como offers the reader the spatial coordinates of the affair and framed in a halo of poetry. The signs of famine, which has also attacked the villagers, are highlighted at the beginning of chapter IV with the representation of farmers who sow sparingly and concern, with the little girl who leads a lean cow and subtracts edible herbs, wearing the family. The Farewell to the mountains, at the end of Chapter VIII emphasizes the yearning for Lucy who is moving away from expensive places, taking leave with anguish, while the sky bright, welcoming Renzo after fording the Adda at dawn and having won the freedom (Chapter XVII) seems to promise a bright future. The valley is dark and barren mountains on which the Castle of the falls are an introduction to the understanding of its violence, while the sky above it seems to be the interlocutor, as a conscience for the tyrant (Chapter XX). And when he, after a dramatic night in which Lucy's words suggested a possible solution to the discomfort of his life, facing the window, he sees clearly cheered by ringing the valley and the sky gray path from light clouds: symbolize seem his past that is crumbling, giving way in the light of Divine Providence (Chapter XX). There are many indications of landscape seem to configure aspects of human life. When Renzo returns to his country, ravaged by the plague and the descent of the mercenaries, his vineyard is destroyed and infested with weeds: a tangible sign of moral disorder of the times (ch. XXXIII). Instead, the landscape of heavy, oppressed by the heat destroyed by the plague in Milan and shower away the joyful contagion (chapter XXXVI), not only stress an atmosphere, but translate into concrete terms a widespread state of mind: the languor and the fatigue of despair is replaced by a joyful hope, almost a sense of purification and renewal. In some cases, more than one can speak of the landscape setting. We notice it in the scenes of the village, in the description of the interior of the houses, in that "swarm" that fills the streets at dusk and is a measure of life, the night Renzo organizes a surprise marriage (chapter VII). Even the palace of Don Rodrigo, which is reached in a little road through the village of good, evil seems to see as the fruit of mediocrity, selfishness, opacity, intellectual, moral and static spiritual flatness. A guard of the massive building are two good and two carcasses of crows, while the barred windows, the howling of the hounds and the shouting of the guests in the banquet of the master are no less vulgar and feel of the villagers, "tall men [...] stocky and grim old, lost his fangs, [...] seemed always ready to grind their gums, women with certain male faces, and with some brawny arms [...]" (Ch. V). It is not really a description of landscape, but refers to an environment with a clear spiritual connotation and, therefore, is consistent with the way Manzoni means the landscape, reflecting element and to understand the changing human affairs. The landscape in "The Betrothed has a dual function: besides the usual location of the events of the novel, in this work it also serves to highlight and specify the moods, feelings and character of the various characters. The novel opens with a very effective presentation of the environment in which the events take place, the ability of Manzoni is also great in this case, the descriptions I'm so alive that it almost seems to be in those places, you can touch! In Chapter II the author plunges us immediately into the lives of his characters, describing the town's streets and houses where they live. Just in this chapter, the environment starts to become part of the psychological space of the novel is an example of a description of the walk of Don Abbondio that seeks to avoid the stones in its path, from these few words we can already understand the nature of the character. Continue reading Manzoni promises to us what will be one of the main themes of the second part of the novel, the plague: it is remarkable that accompanies the description of the landscape between the convent of Christopher Pescarenico Lucia's house. One of the most famous passages of the novel is "a farewell mountains" Lucia, away from his country on a boat, think back to the landscape that is moving away and, given the great sadness of Lucia, the environment also seems melancholy, sad and nostalgic , thus underlining the mood of Lucia. The description of the "palace of Don Rodrigo 'and' Castellaccio dell'Innominato" is absolutely essential to the psychological profile of two characters: the first you come across a bunch of little houses "within which you can see attached to the wall guns , trombones, hoes, rakes, straw hats, flasks, gas mantles and dust, which compared with muskets, sabers, and partisan Castellaccio are a bit of 'comic ridicoli.Il comparison between the two residences continues, in fact, the mansion, which sits on top of a hill, is reached by a winding lane, while the Castellaccio site straddles a narrow valley gloomy and terrible lies along a road at all elbows and gyrations. Finally worth noting is the description of nature that Manzoni is on his way from Milan to Bregamo Renzo, on his way he goes into a forest, orridus locus of literature of all time, the forest is like a metaphor for the situation in Renzo is located, is, in fact, the labyrinth of his character. The predominant characteristics of the forest are fear, confusion, abandonment, and these feelings are that Renzo evidence at this time. Analysis of landscape descriptions contained in the first section of "The Betrothed" In the novel, we can identify six descriptions of landscapes: - Chapter I: Opening of the event on Lake Como. - Chapter IV: the desolate landscape between the eyes of Christopher. - Chapter V: The palace of Don Rodrigo. - Chapter VI: Tonio's house. - Chapter VIII: Don Abbondio warns of scams in the Night and the country took to the streets. - Chapter VIII: the scene of farewell from the country. The opening chapter of the novel on the scene where the story begins: "That branch of Lake Como turns off to the south between two unbroken chains of mountains ...". The misery of the opening the novel is reduced to the pace a bit 'heavy and solemn of the very first lines: soon this description style rested, attentive, a little' minutes that had already been noted in the Introduction. But the topography of the scene of the Betrothed has a slow pace as you will not find anywhere else in the book. As the beginning of the novel may seem unattractive, and yet it is a double justification: the affectionate familiarity of the writer, for having spent so much time in those places, he saw so much of himself, and, behind her, the familiar Don Abbondio routine that until that fatal November 7, he had always quietly laid eyes on each corner of the landscape in his evening walk. These pages are already on life the last page of Don Abbondio, in a novel disturbances and changes everything. The construction period is remarkable for the harmonious distribution of each part clearly rejoining the end ("in new bays and new breasts") at the beginning ("all bays and inlets) and leaves the impression of a pictorial motif musically accomplished . Description of the walk routine Don Abbondio, immediately after the description of the landscape "after the time the road ran straight, maybe sixty steps, then split into two lanes, in the shape of a wye ...". Here the description of the walk will stop first in a very careful topographical description, portraiture onwards. The stop has a poetic reason: this is the scenario of the event capital of the life of Don Abbondio, which will remain in mind forever. Chapter IV of the opening chapter with the image of famine so common in those days: immediately notify the sad heart of the monk who observes the scene "The sky was clear: from hand to hand as the sun rose behind the mountain, saw his light go down the slopes. The scene was pleased, but every figure of a man who appeared, sad eyes and thought ...". The description of this autumn morning was the development of objective monitoring of a true painting. Manzoni who aims at nothing to put under the eyes, perhaps the landscape are the best example of Manzoni's conviction that art is the study and reproduction of the real. The passage of the men in the camps rested intonation marks the transition to the melancholy periods follow each other off, and pauses between one and another and internal, which give an impression of silence and pain. With this eye serene and sad Manzoni feel the sadness and oppression through the attitudes and the modulation of the period. The same effect has on Father Christopher: "These shows will increase at every step, the sadness of the friar ...". Chapter V Of Christopher arrives at the village of Don Rodrigo and notes the squalor: "At the foot of the hill lay a heap of huts, inhabited by farmers of Don Rodrigo. The people he met were tall men squat and surly, with a huge tuft on his head thrown back, old, lost his fangs, seemed ready to grind their gums ...". Throughout this description of the environment, is one of the old particularly the more effective is it to life with disgust to the wickedness of the elderly. In this landscape just by looking at the faces of peasants reflected the wickedness and violence of the followers of Don Rodrigo. "Roadsteads Davan and small windows on the street, closed disconnected from taxes, however, were guarded by huge iron gates. Two grand'avvoltoi, with wings outstretched, and co 'dangling skulls were nailed upon a swing of each door, and two good, one of the sur lie The benches were guarding ...". Manzoni does the portrait of Don Rodrigo, but this vile fortress it takes advantage the place: especially the door, marked by two vultures (and eagles) and watched by two good lie - a Joint threatening and vulgar, where you see the pride and arrogance and all its vileness -. But the picture is also necessary for himself, for that brush of large and powerful, for symmetry between the macabre and vulgar. Chapter VI, "and went even at the house of a certain Tonio, and found him in the kitchen, with one knee on the steps of the hearth, and, taking with one hand, the edge of a pot, put on hot ashes, squirming, rolling pin with curved , a small gray polenta ...". It is the largest domestic scene, or rather village, encountered so far. It takes place with a line affectionate, picturesque, but above all thoughtful. Describes all the details - Tonio attitude to the polenta-the liveliness of the figures - "three or four boys with his eyes" - the taste of the color reflected by the image of polenta bowl - and it seemed a small moon, in a large circle of vapors "-. But the picture is set to air time, and then soaked in sadness: like the beginning of the fourth chapter, which is too 'made it a particular scale but all veiled in melancholy. They are one family in an interior, the other in the open countryside, the reflections of poverty of the century. The step "But there was gaiety. ... Surviving" has the same pitch of the sections of Chapter IV "The scene was pleased, but every figure of a man who appeared, sad thought." In these passages we find quell'intonazione of melancholy and meditative collection that comes back every time the Manzoni trials must stop on or about the evils of men. Chapter VII "Ton ton ton, peasants sat up in bed, the young men lying on the barn, listening, to raise him. Many women advice, please their husbands, not to move, let go of others." The scene opens up and gets crowded, very fast, the rhythm changes. Here too, a lively sense of village life: young people in the barn, their husbands in bed, the more daring with pitchforks and muskets. And, together, a psychology quick but prudent, matching the excitement of the scene: the women fearful, the cowards who seem complacent. "And the moon, entering through the aperture, illuminated the pale face and silver beard of Father Christopher, who was standing there on leave ...". The moon provides the Manzoni in this chapter, the fundamental justification for the dominant peace disturbed, inspired by the paintings of charm (even in the face of Christopher soaked lunar pallor) and pensive sadness, and ultimately remain the single, solitary, sovereign note the landscape, to stretch his silence on the whole, accompanied by his melancholy that of the young fugitive that placed the arm on the side of the boat, resting his forehead on his arm, as if to sleep, crying secretly. "The lake lay smooth and flat, and it would have seemed still, if it was not the slight flicker and the swaying of the moon that reflects cielo.Si distinguished from the villages, houses, huts ...". This page Adda and a subdued harmony of sounds and colors: it is an impression of silence and slow, melancholy peace. Everything seems to translation of reality into words: the usual Manzoni, always true to the usual precision that closes the gap seems to sentimentality and lets talk about things. "The palace of Don Rodrigo." Adage, of course, the reason he approached the soul of the protagonist. The passengers are silent, after so many fears, but they are with the head turned back, and watch the mountains and the country. The night is clear, everything is different, and thought, without words, running on the places from which came the story: the palace of Don Rodrigo, who still seems to threaten, and so on, with a sweetness and sadness growing in the village the log cabin, the dense foliage of the fig tree and the window of the room where Lucy was going to marry. Underneath everything there is a note of pain that continues in the attitude of final Lucia - put the arm on the side - until they discover only two words the feeling: and wept secretly. The words of farewell do not belong to Lucy, but the pace is his, his soul pure and simple, serene and sad but resigned, and his is the trepidation of the unknown and the promise of religious sigh. It is remarkable how Manzoni succeed, with a landscape, to communicate to the reader's feelings and visual details as if he were right there to observe the sad scene of poverty and famine with between Christopher in the fourth chapter, or on the edge of lake, a spectator of the departure of Lucy from her country. Is not limited to make a careful description of the eyes, but adds adjectives or words that show the predominant feeling in the scene. In this study the true there is something "holy." Key steps in the landscape, at first glance, it looks home but implies a simple soul and higher: maintaining a precise design, free from flourishes (as noted in the Introduction), highlights the feelings of the characters in the background of nature, which always seems in harmony with their thoughts.

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Betrothed The Betrothed Justice

The provocative, the spare, all those who in any way, do wrong to others, are guilty not only of the evil they commit, but the perversion which still bear the souls of hurt "(" The Betrothed " Chapter II). Manzoni, sounding sad and quiet, to lead a moral reflection to its readers (valid for all time to come and not just for the seventeenth century) uses of history, real and imaginary, to clarify As we all are responsible with their actions of the others. You take the court. From the first pages of "The Betrothed", Manzoni presents a society to spare, violent, where the issues (as the same Don Abbondio, during the interview with Renzo) are not discussed in terms of wrong or right, but in terms of strength. The main responsible for this dramatic situation, are, according to the author, the various local lords and squires, who, having a high influence on the judicial institutions and protected by small armies of personal good, easily circumvent the proclamations for to assert its power of oppression on the population. The climate of injustice and violence is then determined by the still strong feudal power, personified in the figure of Don Rodrigo, the total inefficiency of the judiciary and English, whose organization is bureaucratic, slow and cumbersome, it fails to provide citizens with the necessary protection. Thus, the only "justice" is to don Rodrigo respected and those who, like him, have violence as a means of domination. But not enough. Even the intellectuals, men of the church as not, are subservient to the cause of power, and are forced to accept the logic of exploitation. Don abundance, the Azzecca-tangles, common people, people in itself harmless, far from the blood and violence, become, with the same culture they have, the victims and the instruments of oppression. Clearly then, at this point, the meaning of the words of Manzoni: the oppressors, not merely to engage in violence against the weak, but also involving men in their logical first outsiders to the terrible system of 'organized injustice. " However, apart from the intellectuals who become an instrument of power in the hands, stained with murder, the author's words also refer to another kind of induction to violence and hatred: the daily incidents that give rise to the oppression of poor people . From the bottom of society, you see it go, as well as tears of the weak exploited, even their words of anger, hatred, anger, revenge. And it is here that the Manzoni wrote his maxim: "The provocative, the spare, all those who in any way, do wrong to others, are guilty not only of the evil they commit, but the perversion which still carry the minds of the offended. " In fact, after learning the truth, namely that his marriage to Lucy is prevented by the will of Don Rodrigo, the first reaction is to design Renzo terrible thoughts of revenge. Suddenly, the figure of Renzo upsets, the young and "peaceful and alien blood" that was, it turns into a would-be murderess. He wants to end it and, even with its very limited means, to drown in blood the arrogance of Don Rodrigo. In his mind shameful death suddenly whirling projects: ambushes, murders and revenge. His metamorphosis, rapid and dramatic and desperate strikes the reader and leads him to reflect on the words of the author. It is the vicious circle of hatred and violence (the strong oppressing the weak, in turn, learns to hate) that transforms human history, and not only that of the seventeenth century, an immense carnage, in a large valley of anger and oppression . But at this point fall on the theme of divine providence, so dear to Manzoni, which provides a way to break the cycle that adds evil to evil. Just as the image of Lucy gives the reason in the mind of Renzo and brings them back his way, as well as his firm belief in God and divine justice, bring light into the darkness of the sinister thoughts of Renzo, providence redemption promised to the weak from oppression and redemption, provided that both he and the first to break the circle of blood, not responding to violence with violence (in the Gospel, Christ himself says: "If they give you a slap, you do not answer, but turn the other cheek"). Lucy herself cry out in alarm to Renzo, feel his intentions: "No, no, for heaven's sake, the Lord is for the poor, and how you want to help us, if we form of evil?". In these words, Manzoni leaves us with a profound message, trust in divine justice as the only means of rebellion to the logic of violence that, in every abuse of power, the specter of the evil that hovers over all of human history.

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The plague broke out in 1629 was the culmination of an incredible series of events very unpleasant place in those years in the Duchy of Milan. In fact there had been previously first famine, the war of succession to the throne of the Duchy of Mantua then. And the war has been the cause of this epidemic. In fact, the Duchy of Venice had hired to win the war, and then expand the domain to the realm of Mantua, a famous army of mercenaries, the Landsknecht, soldiers enjoyed a bad reputation, seeing where they spent bringing destruction, and, often, and willingly, and serious illnesses. Well, since Lanzichenecchi that came from 'Austria, arriving in Mantua doverono pass from Milan, and took the opportunity to pillage, but unfortunately they left the plague. This terrible disease to 'start was not considered by anyone, but when he began to do the dead people began to wonder what it was. Some have cried to the plague, the governor, however, classified as a normal "pestilential fever", almost a trifle. But now the plague had taken root among the people of Milan, helped by poor sanitation and famine. So many people died, and we finally decided to take precautions. The city still is not infected were isolated and none was made enter, but in Milan the situation was now infected sharply. In fact there was medicine for fever, if you walked into the middle, or healed or died. In most cases, however, we remained dry. The plague, then it is highly contagious, and you can take just touching the clothes of the sick, and then just spreads like wildfire through the undergrowth. And so it was for Milan. The Church, have the opposite effect, made the long processions and rituals, but had the opposite effect to that intended: in fact, gathering together all those people, and not infected, the epidemic will spread, and Milan was in the throes of fever. Were set up so the hospitals, infirmaries, where they tried to treat the terminally ill, a special body immune to the plague called "Monatti," who were paid to carry away the bodies from the houses and burying them in mass graves. They, however, often took advantage of their authority, and robbed the houses of the dead. For this reason, were seen by the wrong people. Then there was the rumor around the spreaders, people infected and anointed with oil the doors of the houses of citizens, infect. For this reason, many innocent people were killed, that, by behaving oddly or simply asking for particular things such as plague spreaders were taken and killed. The population of Milan while he was in the grip of this confusion, was decimated. Fortunately, after a few months, the fever went away as it was coming.

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The themes of religious view of life

There are many themes of the novel stands in the foreground, the theme of the relationship between freedom and conditioning, which are grafted the reasons of love, abuse, fear, which help to develop that unifying the marriage failure . Freedom is the value that hinges on Christian morality, but is cleared by negative values, the first of conformism (like Don abundance and Gertrude, for which it refers to "fall for nothing", and especially Prassede woman, to which Manzoni reserve at the end a bad jab: "As a woman Prassede, said he is dead, says it all"). Also important is the theme of contrast between the ideal and real, ie, between the company and how it should be like, instead, in fact. Here, then, appear in the grounds of privilege that affects only a small group of people, the injustice that affects all those who suffer the oppression of the privileges of others, violence in the social, political and even family, lack of morality that arises from failure to observe the most elementary rules of the Gospel. At this point, the pessimism of Manzoni, along with a latent sense of conviction becomes loose and soft in the good-natured tone of irony, especially in places where unmasks the little tricks of the poor (who are slow to take effect, such as marriage surprise) or when the complaint is tinged with bitterness the hypocrisy of politicians like his uncle or Ferrer and becomes bitter if it finds the complaint as well as the most sacred values, such as paternity, are polluted by pride, which leads to lies, coercion (think Gertrude's father), the distortion of family values \u200b\u200band society. The most significant issue, however, that on which the message Manzoni, refers to the religious view of life, dominated the leitmotif of the novel, namely the work of the Providence of God in history and in human affairs. Manzoni pessimism emerges in the finding of the presence of evil, of human irrationality, the explosive force of selfishness in contrast. Pure Grace God does not abandon the men who seek Him and trust in him who has faith in Providence, the succession of events makes sense, logic. Of course God is not the one who punishes the wicked and rewards the good, like an executioner. His judgments and His work can for most of the time unfathomable to men who must accept the facts with humility and trust. Don Abbondio mistaken when jubilant, Providence defines as a "broom" (ch. XXXVIII) finally made a clean sweep of Don Rodrigo and his henchmen. It is more correct reflection of his father Christopher in front of Don Rodrigo agony and suffering to the hospital, said: "It may be punishment can be merciful" (ch. XXXV). The plague, in fact, should not be simplistically reduced to a punishment of the wicked and the death of Don Rodrigo, between the pangs of disease, may be understood as the last chance offered to him by divine mercy because they repent and save his soul . In this sense, even if it ends with the celebration of the wedding, Manzoni's novel does not present the idyllic "happy ending" of the traditional historical novels. In fact, in hindsight, the conclusion of history is at Chapter XXXVI, when Father Christopher Lucia dissolves in the vote that made the night spent in the castle of the Unnamed, according to which the renunciation of marriage. In this way she can follow the voice of the heart and also finally see Renzo removed the last obstacle. The two took leave of his father Christopher, moved by his last words, which sound to their ears as a testament to forgive and inviting "always, always! Everything, everything." The last two chapters, with preparations for the wedding celebration and concise narrative of the years of married life, I am a complete history: the essential point, however, is the gathering of two young people with feelings unchanged and a reinforced accept the will of God in their lives. The "happy ending" The Betrothed, if anything, is not in the rite of marriage, but in that sort of "Decalogue" which Renzo, now husband, father and successful businessman (Implanted, as we have said, a lucrative spinning Bergamo) to balance those two years of troubled and adventurous. Notes that this is a hard fact of life experience that enables him to give good advice to children when they grow up. Instead Lucia notes that for its part, has never been in trouble, but "are they who have come to seek me." Then, together, the couple came to the conclusion that, faced with tribulations, we must trust God and hope that the suffering will improve their lives. It's a romance without end, as noted by critics, but consistent with the religious tension that runs throughout the narrative. The religious theme, along with the choice to put the lowly ("people of mechanical and small business, "the anonymous calls them) to the protagonists of history, is certainly the big news of the novel. Do not leap to the fore only two farmers, but also important figures (an archbishop, a powerful feudal lord, politicians and representatives the ecclesiastical hierarchy, a lawyer, a mayor, a major nobilotto with relatives) are evaluated on the basis of the position taking against them. Finally flagella and public disasters (such as plague, riots, war and famine), are relevant because they create the context in which we create the adventures of the protagonists. It is a choice and a brave revolutionary overthrow of literary values, which implements the Manzoni, convinced and supported by the Gospel message. This, on the other hand, it is diluted through the pages as the connective tissue of the story prominent, but often times with discretion and is embodied in people "minor" of considerable interest. Valga, in all, this modest but beautiful shape that is the servant of Don Rodrigo appears in Chapter V to welcome Christopher to visit his father to the palace of Don Rodrigo. The help he gives to the monk is also crucial for the unfolding of history, because the plan to kidnap Lucy, after which the cappuccino organize the escape of children from the country and triggered the mechanism that gives rise to the events of the Second section. No coincidence that Father Christopher describes him as "a trickle" of Providence.

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Summaries Chapters I to XIX

CHAPTER I

The first chapter opens with a broad and detailed description of the places where they sets the early stages of the Betrothed: the lake, the mountains that surround it, the river Adda, the town Lecco and the surrounding villages. Then the author moves on to the description of the English domination in this area: foreign soldiers who commit violence, theft and abuse. In this context, Don Abbondio walks, as usual, reading his breviary, but at a fork in the road, near a shrine painted, he encounters both good. They have long hair enclosed in a net from which comes just a big clump that falls on the forehead, and a lavish array of weapons of all kinds. The author cites the many laws, such proclamations, which provide for severe penalties for the good, which are nothing more than the assassins of the powerful. The author of a citation and the other - offers considerations ironic ineffectiveness of these and other proclamations. Realizing that the good are waiting for him, Don Abbondio look for escape routes or possible witnesses, but then, given the lack of one and the other, pretending to be two approaches to peace. Good stands in the way and imposing, with threats, not to celebrate the marriage of two local youths: Renzo and Lucia Tramaglino Mondella. Don Abbondio, scared, states often willing obedience, especially when he hears the name of Don Rodrigo, the owner of two good. Without their embassy f the two leave. The good fit of the two threats in the climate of oppression that characterizes the Duchy of Milan under English rule: the powerful can commit all types of violence with impunity, while the weak are forced to suffer and are not protected by the justice system. Since childhood, Don Abbondio reveals a weak and fearful, unable to face the difficulties of life in such a violent era. His priestly choice then comes the desire to belong to a privileged and protected class and not a true religious vocation. But to be even more peaceful, Don Abbondio develop its own "way of life" without fear, servility, opportunism that led him to be always on the side of the strongest, with malice towards the weak, who does not think criticism of their own business. Start the soliloquy of Don Abbondio. As if talking to himself, he imagines the reactions of Renzo and thinks about what she should say to the good. Finally secretly rages against Don Rodrigo. Arrived at home, the priest called Perpetua, her servant. After some hesitation, he confides in her, but does not accept his advice. Finally, exhausted, goes to sleep, recommending to the maid in the strictest confidence.

CHAPTER II

Abbondio Don spent a restless night in search of some excuse not to get married and nightmares populated as good and ambushes. Although it manages to develop a plan to overcome the predictable objections of Renzo and thus postpone the wedding. To make the final arrangements for the wedding, the morning goes to Don Renzo Abbondio dressed in full dress with a feathered hat and dagger handles nice. The bridegroom is a young man of twenty years, orphaned of both parents from an early age. His profession, that of silk spinner, and the continued savings, they gave him some financial security. The parish priest pretends not to remember the wedding, then, using Latin words to confuse the young, suggests that the impediments that have arisen to delay the wedding oblige. Renzo condescends the shift, but remains suspicious of the conduct of the pastor. Out of the rectory and Renzo met Perpetua receives from her confirmation of her suspicions: Don Abbondio was threatened by someone. Renzo quickly back into the living room of Don Abbondio. After the pastor imprisoned in the room, the young man, apparently threatening to do, forces him to tell him the truth. Perpetua and Don Abbondio falls on charges of breaking the oath of silence made the night before. After a heated spat between the two, the priest is put to bed with fever and won. Renzo goes back to Lucia's house. In his mind proud past of revenge, but the thought of the girlfriend he abandoned any idea of \u200b\u200bviolence. Arrived in the courtyard of home, Renzo instructs a child, Bettina, call Lucy on the sidelines and lead it from him. Lucy, an orphan of father and a few years younger than Renzo, is coiffed and dressed for the wedding: her hair in braids gathered blacks are fixed with pins, wearing a brocade bodice with a pleated silk skirt, and around the neck carries a small necklace. His youthful face reflects inner beauty. Lucia, surrounded by friends, is reached by a little girl who will forward the message to Renzo. The girl falls to the ground and puts Renzo aware of what happened, and she shows that he is already aware of the passion of Don Rodrigo for her. These two were then added Agnes. Lucia goes up to say goodbye to the women that marriage is delayed because of an illness of the pastor. Some of them go to the rectory to ask for confirmation of the disease and tells them that Don Abbondio Perpetua has a high fever.

CHAPTER III

Don Rodrigo, near Lucia along the way and makes a bet with another nobleman (Count Attilio, his cousin) that she will be his. A similar scene is repeated the next day Lucy turns out that he narrated what had happened in between Christopher. After Lucy has calmed the anger of the new Renzo, Agnes advised the youth to go to Lecco by a lawyer surnamed Azzecca-tangles and gives him four capons to bring a gift to the doctor. Renzo gets on the road to Lecco. Along the way, agitated and angry, to continue pulling the capon in his hand: the poor animals, while sharing a common fate, they peck each other. This gives the author an opportunity to reflect on the lack of solidarity among men. Now at home to hit-tangles capons and delivered to a servant, Renzo is made to accommodate the study: a large room is accented with messy and dusty, the walls, the portraits of Roman emperors, the symbol of absolute power. The doctor welcomes him wearing a robe worn which makes it look as decrepit furniture of the room. Azzecca-tangles Renzo exchange for good and to intimidate, reads a proclamation announcing confused severe penalties for those who prevent a marriage. Believing that the youth is disguised by cutting the tufts that distinguishes the good, congratulated him for his cunning. Fragments are then proposed proclamations which forbids the wearing of the hair. Renzo denies being a good, but the lawyer did not believe him and asked him to trust him, then looked forward to a line of defense. Discovered the mistake, Azzecca-tangles is furious and refuses any help, then putting it on the door. Lucy and Agnes shall consult with each other again and decide to ask for help even from Christopher. In that moment comes between Galdino a humble lay brother, in search of nuts to the convent Pescarenico the same area where his father lives Christopher. To evade questions about the failure of the friar marriage brings the discourse on famine; Galdino between then tells an anecdote about a miracle in Romagna. A Capuchin, Father Macarius, dissuade a man from cutting a nut now barren, predicting a formidable collection of nuts, half of which was to be devoted to the convent. As predicted by the monk, the tree bears fruit in an extraordinary way, but in the meantime the owner has died and the heir refuses to give the party agreed to the convent. Because of this refusal, nuts collected are transformed into leaves. Lucia Fra Galdino gives a lot of nuts so that he, not having to keep the collection, will go straight to the convent and fulfill your request to send with them between Christopher. Lorenzo returns to Lucia's house and tells the disappointing outcome of his meeting with Azzecca-tangles. Renzo between Agnes and light a little discussion, immediately quenched with Lucy about the validity of the Board to address the lawyer. After a few outbursts of Renzo calls for calm and an equal number of women, the young man returns home.

CHAPTER IV

Among Christopher leaves the convent of the country Pescarenico, a small fishing village near Lecco. Although the autumn landscape is beautiful, the way to the house of the brother of Lucia is saddened by the images of misery that are seen everywhere: skinny people, animals emaciated with hunger, ragged beggars. Fra Cristoforo is a man close to 60 years, with a long white beard, humble but proud at the same time, with two very bright eyes. Lodovico (this is the name of Cristoforo before taking the vows), the son of a wealthy merchant with noble ambitions, was educated in an aristocratic manner. But not being accepted into the circle of the nobility, the young man began, almost for revenge, to defend the humble against the arrogant lords. A day in the street, a dispute broke out for trivial reasons, including a nobleman Lodovico and arrogant. During the dispute that followed, the young, seeing badly injured Christopher, his most faithful servant, kills the warlord. Louis is led by the crowd in a nearby convent of Capuchin friars, so that it can find shelter Revenge of the relatives of the murdered man. Meanwhile, these surround the convent in order to hit the killer to his exit. During his stay in the convent Louis he decided to become a monk. It gives all his possessions to the family of Christopher servant who had died for him and takes the name of Brother Christopher. Meanwhile, the Father Superior of the convent of the noble convinces his brother killed as retaliation to accept the choice of Louis nun. Before leaving for the place of his novitiate, between Christopher asked for and obtained an excuse to ask the family of the murdered man. In the house of the noble are called all the relatives to taste revenge, but with his humble demeanor, between Christopher obtained a heartfelt forgiveness from all those present to mitigate and inducing their pride. As a sign of reconciliation, the brother of the murdered man gives bread to the friar; these mangiatane a half, keep the rest as a reminder of what happened. In addition to preaching and the dying, including Christopher works to remove injustice and to defend the oppressed. Meanwhile, the Friar, who came to the house of Lucy and Agnes, was greeted with joy by the two women.

CHAPTER V

well as preaching and the dying, including Christopher works to remove injustice and to defend the oppressed. Meanwhile, the Friar, who came to the house of Lucy and Agnes, was greeted with joy by the two women. Fra Cristoforo is informed of non-marriage, now the home of Lucy, you tell women from the incident. After examining the situation, he decides to go talk to Don Rodrigo to divert him from his purpose. Arrives Renzo, who reveals that he tried in vain to organize an ambush against the warlord. For this is reprimanded by the monk. Among Christopher route to the palace of Don Rodrigo. In the same palace in the village below and everything seems marked by a climate of violence and evil: Everywhere you see arms and even on the faces of children and the old one can see the innocence. After talking with a servant and two good, very surprised to see him there, between Christopher is introduced into the dining room. Around the table, some characters (Don Rodrigo, the mayor, Count Attilio, Azzecca - Garbugli and other) discussion about a matter of chivalry. The monk is called to judge, but his sentence, which calls for peace and charity, is mistaken for a joke, the monk himself is mocked by Don Rodrigo, who reminds him of his worldly past. The dispute subject to change and then turned on the war for the Duchy of Mantua and the related political maneuvering of Spain, France, Germany and the Papacy. On this occasion the mayor pretends to be a fine connoisseur of the political stables. The narrator then informs the reader about the war, established for succession to the duchy of Mantua, who sees to oppose the Duke of Nevers, supported by France and the papacy, and Ferrante Gonzaga, Prince of Guastalla supported by Spain and the Duke of Savoy. Discussions are being abandoned for a moment to make way for a toast, but quickly resumed the issue of famine, evoked by Azzecca - Garbugli in his praise of the wine. The blame for the shortage of food is given to bakers who would buy up the price of wheat for alzarne. Don Rodrigo is to put an end to the debate dismissing the diners between Christopher and ultimately leads to another room.

CHAPTER VI

with tact and diplomacy, between Christopher asked Don Rodrigo to end the persecution of Lucy and to allow the marriage between the betrothed. The noble but reacts violently accusing the brother of feeding a misunderstanding interest in the girl. The interview turns into a verbal duel in which his opponent between Christopher predicts the fulfillment of divine justice (there will come a day). After the monk is expelled. His mission failed, but Don Rodrigo remains shaken by the threatening prophecies of cappuccino. Leaving the palace to go to Lucia's house, the monk meets the old servant who had welcomed at its entrance. This tells Christopher to have among the revelations from him and give him an appointment for the next day at the convent. Agnes proposes to Renzo and Lucia, to make the wedding a surprise, to present himself before the priest with two witnesses and pronounce the formula of marriage. Although held against their will the parish priest, this marriage would have value for all purposes. Renzo is enthusiastic, but Lucia is opposed to the project since it provides the subterfuge. Renzo, in search of witnesses to the marriage of surprise, he went to the house of Tonio. When he arrives, the whole family (Tony, his brother, his elderly mother, his wife and children) gathered in expectation of a poor polenta. Renzo, refusing an invitation to stay, leads man to an inn and asks him to be there to witness the wedding. In return the favor, Renzo offers him money to pay off a debt contract with Don Abbondio. Tonio agrees and offers his brother Gervase as the second witness. Renzo and Lucia back to try again to persuade her to accept the plan, of the mother. In the meantime, you will hear the footsteps of one Christopher, who came to report the results of the interview with Don Rodrigo.

CHAPTER VII

Fra Cristoforo communicate to Agnes and the two promised that, despite its efforts, Don Rodrigo does not intend to change its attitude. Renzo reacts with anger. On leaving, the brother recommended to send someone to the convent the next day to get new information. Renzo, angered by the news just received, and Lucia's opposition to the proposed marriage of surprise, given in outburst. Eventually Lucia yields and condescends to the level of the mother. Renzo comes home. Agnes and Renzo provide details of the plan for marriage by surprise, while Lucy remains aloof. Following the indications of between Christopher, Agnes Menico then sends to the monastery, a boy of his relatives. Throughout the morning, the shady characters dressed as pilgrims and pilgrims wander the house of Lucy, even snooping in the home. After the battle with Father Christopher, Don Rodrigo, who was furious for not being able to intimidate the brother and upset about that "There will come a day, walking down the building in front of portraits of his ancestors, who seem to reproach him for his weakness. To forget the noble episode comes out, accompanied by good, for a triumphant walk, during which he is flattered by all. He returned to the palace, but he is derided by Count Attilio; affected, then mail the infamous double bet. After a night's sleep, Don Rodrigo, forget the fears aroused in him by Brother Christopher, arrange with the head of his good, Griso, a plan to kidnap Lucia. Good, led by the Griso, begin their explorations in the home of Lucia (the strange figure seen in the house are good disguise). Back at the palace, the Griso gives final instructions to his companions. The old servant of the convent at the time you start to report to Brother about the planned abduction of Lucia. In the meantime, some good has already agreed positions occupied and others are on track to do so. After taking with Agnes and Lucy the final arrangements for the wedding of surprise, Renzo, together Tonio and Gervase, goes to an inn and meets three people here (there are three good Don Rodrigo) by threatening behavior. Renzo, during dinner, the host asked about the three, but the landlord pretended not to know, on the contrary, he provides several good news about Renzo and his friends. Leaving the inn, Renzo, Tonio and Gervase are followed by two good, but you stop seeing people come back from the fields. The three then go to call Agnes and Lucy, and together they go to the rectory, where Tonio knocks on the door telling Perpetua want to pay off a debt.

CHAPTER VIII

Abbondio Don abandons the readings in which Perpetua was located and authorize to pick up Toni. Took to the streets, Perpetua met Agnes, who, pretending to be passing by-case basis, involves her in a conversation about some gossip about him. Tonio Gervase and access to the study of the curate, while Renzo and Lucia, taking advantage of the distraction of Perpetua, reached the landing of the rectory. Tonio paid off his debt. The parish priest shall examine the coins, return the pawn and starts to fill out a receipt. A defendant entering a signal including the two promised. Renzo pronounce the whole formula, while Lucy is violently interrupted by the priest, who then took refuge in an adjoining room. Don Abbondio asks for help from the window. Ambrose, the sexton, then played the bells to call people. The chimes awaken the whole country. The people down the street. The three who were good at the inn, go out for a survey, then call the comrades stationed at the house to kidnap Lucia. The orders of the Griso, the group of good penetration in the girl's house, but can not find the intended victim. Domenico, returning from the convent, into the house of Lucia. As I entered the boy is grabbed by the brave. Startled by the sound of the bells they leave to go Sunday and fled in disorder. The Griso will call to order and the flight continued in compact ranks. Agnes continues to distract Perpetua, but after hearing the shouts of Don Abbondio and strokes, the two women run toward the rectory. Renzo and Lucia are reunited with Agnes and they were joined by Menico who tells them to flee to the convent and follows them for a while. The crowd gathers in the square and goes to Don Abbondio. Since it is no longer in danger, the crowd moves to the home of Lucia and discovers that the two women have disappeared. After a project tracking the alleged kidnappers, rumors that women are saved and everyone retreated. The consul of the country of Renzo and Lucia is threatened by two expert Don Rodrigo, who's told not to report to the mayor made the night before, the home of the incursion of Lucia. Renzo, Lucia, Agnes have meanwhile moved away across the fields, accompanied by Menico who recounted his adventure, is then sent home. The three fugitives arrive at the convent of Pescarenico. After won the resistors between Fazio, the sacristan, among them Christopher enters the monastery church and explains the plans of escape which has prepared for them. After praying for Don Rodrigo, the three leave the convent and headed to the lake. Reached the lake, the three go up on a boat. Description of the landscape. Lucy weeps secretly and says goodbye to the mountains and to their birthplace.

CHAPTER IX

The three fugitives calling on the bank of the lake opposite Pescarenico and took leave from the boatman, who had transported them. Guided by a barocciaio then, the three come up at Monza on a cart. Here you can rest and refreshment at an inn. After a quick meal Renzo says goodbye to the two women. Also under barocciaio the leadership of the two women go first to the convent of the Capuchins, and then, accompanied by a guardian, the monastery of nuns in which they hope to find accommodation. The monk asks for their protection of Gertrude, a nun of noble and powerful family. The young nun was about twenty-five years old and her face shows a faded beauty. His attitude and his way of wearing the habit have something strange. Gertrude asks the two women and the guardian about the story of Lucia. After the interview give hospitality to Agnes and Lucy. Describes the family of Gertrude and rule it in force, according to which all children, except the eldest, had to enter the convent. Since the first Children, parents and relatives of Gertrude try, even with subtle tricks, to inculcate the idea of \u200b\u200bconsecrated life. The childhood and adolescence spent in Gertrude's convent of Monza, where he was educated with a view to his future monastic choice. In their relations with the girl companions manifest his innate pride, but also the first signs of rejection of religious life. Before taking final vows. Gertrude is brought into the family home. Here is treated with indifference and isolated in order to embarrass them and want the convent. Discovered his love for a page, she is imprisoned in a room: To get out of that segregation, she is prepared to choose the religious life.

CHAPTER X

caught in a moment of weakness, Gertrude, forced by his father, he agrees to join a monastery. Is the announcement of the decision of the girl and the festivities begin. After the latest recommendations on the attitude to take and the responses to the abbess, Gertrude is conducted in a monastery at Monza for the submission of the application. Even in the convent are organized big celebrations. Among the prince's father and the abbess Gertrude plays a very formal meeting in order to establish the sincerity of the vocation of the girl. The priest in charge of evaluating the sincerity of the vocation of Gertrude asks the girl, who, for fear of his father, mind and states choose the cloistered life. Gertrude became a nun and teacher for all the boarders. The life of the cloister, however, does not deter the young from earthly passions: his early years in the monastery are thus marked by hatred of the other nuns, and sudden mood swings. The young nun is seduced by Egidio, a nobleman who lives in a building adjacent to the monastery under his evil influence Gertrude is swept by violent passions and leads to the murder of a conversation that threatened to unravel the intrigue of the two.

CHAPTER XI

Don Rodrigo, waiting anxiously for the return of good, think about the possible consequences of the kidnapping of Lucy, but knows not to take big risks. On his return, Griso announces the failure of the shipping and receiving severe reprimands from Don Rodrigo. After discussing the facts of the night, the two agree on a strategy to find out whether there have been leaks on the draft of the kidnapping. Count Attilio is informed by a cousin of the failed kidnapping of Lucy and assigns responsibility to Fra Cristoforo. The two cousins \u200b\u200bthen set the console to intimidate the village, to persuade the mayor not to intervene and put pressure on Uncle Earl, the brother to face transfer. The Griso went into town to try to understand what happened the night before. In the village there is a dense weave of voices: all the protagonists comment on the turbulent events of those happened. A good report to master those voices together and exclude the possibility of a spy inside the palace. After the interview, Don Rodrigo instructs its trusted man to find out where they are refugees Renzo and Lucia. With talk of barocciaio, passed from mouth to mouth, the good is able to inform his master that Lucia is located in Monza. The noble then instructs the killer to continue the research: the Griso, who at Monza is most wanted by the justice, he tries to escape, but eventually obeyed orders. Renzo, filled with sadness at the separation from Lucy and departure from the country, and on to Milan. Came to the gates of the city asks a passerby for directions to reach the convent where it is intended. Entered the town, the young man discovers the surprise of flour and bread thrown to the ground. Despite fear collects three loaves. Continuing towards the center of the city, he meets several people frantically carrying bread and flour. He is struck by the sight of a family particularly involved in transportation. Young people realize that the last act is a riot and that people are giving the assault on the ovens: the first sensation of pleasure. Renzo decides to stay away from the commotion and went to the convent, but the Brother Porter denies him entry. The young man is so browse through the crowd and are attracted by the tumult.

CHAPTER XII

The chapter opens with a broad historical digression in which we analyze the reasons for the famine: poor harvests, waste, tax burden. The Registrar Antonio Ferrer adopt a measure criticized by Manzoni: establishing a price for the bread too low a price, which almost does not allow the purchase of raw materials. The price of bread is risen and begins to feel the mood of the people. The crowd hangs on a baker's boy and robs him of the basket of bread: it takes so I start the tumult of San Martino. The mass then heads towards the oven "crutches" and despite the intervention of halberds and the sheriff, after a brief siege, it gives the baked assault same stealing bread, flour, money, and destroying everything. Renzo, intrigued by this movement, unconsciously moving towards the heart of the tumult listening to opposing views of those present. While the young man witnessing the destruction of the oven and criticism, within himself, all that fury, comes the news of the new disorders Cordusio. The crowd goes there, passing under the statue of Philip II, which the author provides a starting point for reflections on the symbols of power. The voice turns out to be false and the ground, angry and disappointed, decides to storm the house of the vicar of provisions, held responsible for the scarcity of food. Renzo, while not wishing to become involved in the revolt, is overcome by curiosity and is swept by the crowd.

CHAPTER XIII

The crowd goes to the palace of the vicar. The latter, aided by the servants, managed to barricade himself in the house and hide in a closet. Some insurgents try to undermine and SMUR the door of the vicar to capture him and kill him, and this under the eyes of English soldiers, who do not dare to intervene. Renzo, the center of the turmoil, is among those opposed to summary justice. Therefore, after having reacted with anger to the proposals of a bloody old threatens the lynching. From the bottom of the square made its appearance the Chancellor Antonio Ferrer, who, strong popular support, intervened to save the life of the vicar. In the crowd you create two factions, one positive and the other hostile to the intervention of Ferrer, and this gives the author an opportunity to reflect on the mechanisms of popular revolts. The Registrar shall in a carriage across the square crowded with people. Some, including Renzo, shall ensure that he can move forward, but the coachman, ostentatiously courtly, he is forced to stop continuing. Ferrer promises the crowd to stop the vicar and again to lower the price of bread, but the reader realizes that his promises are not kept. Ferrer finally manages to enter the palace of the vicar and to rescue it. Then made him get on his carriage, goes to the "castle" by continuing to woo the crowd. Having escaped the danger of a lynching Ferrer begins to fear for the reactions of their superiors, while the vicar was still very scared, announce his intention to retire to a cave.

CHAPTER XIV

The crowd that besieged the house of the vicar began to swarm, but without getting lost altogether: small groups of people continue to occur along the streets. On the streets, people commented on the events of the day and make arrangements for the next day. Renzo approaches a circle and takes a little "rally" exposing one's ideal of social justice. In his speech, the personal stories are mixed with general considerations. His speech is concluded between compliments and criticisms of these; then the group broke up. The young mountaineer Asks to recommend a pub and a stranger is in charge to accompany him. Despite the protests of the unknown companion, who would take him elsewhere, Renzo decides to stop at the inn of the Full Moon. The two enter the inn and the innkeeper, without showing it, recognizes the unknown, a police informer. Renzo and his companion sitting at a table, between drinkers and card players, and order a bottle of wine that is quickly emptied. The youth exhibits one of the loaves found on the floor in the morning and why he is considered one of the assailants in these oven. Renzo, altered by the wine, the landlord refuses to provide their own general information for the registration of guests of the inn. The young man, speaking aloud, he began a harangue against the new writing and against the administration of justice. In the end, supported by the consent of the customers, manages to avoid registration. The police informant, who claims to be a swordsmith egalitarian ideas, successful, with an expedient, to Renzo to tell his name. Then he salutes the young and disappears rapidly, while Renzo, more and more drunk, he continues to harangue the crowd, provoking the laughter of those present. Renzo falls asleep drunk.

CHAPTER XV

Renzo, now completely drunk, leaves the room of the tavern, including greetings and laughter. Accompanied and supported by the innkeeper then reach the room that was allocated. Reaching the room, the host tries again to decline to Renzo personal information, but the new protest the latter's resignation. It will become the bill, the hotel leaves the room the young man, who, meanwhile, has fallen asleep. The landlord decides to go to the courthouse to denounce Renzo and, after many recommendations, entrusts the care of the tavern with his wife. Walking along the streets of Milan, he runs into characters from the air hazy and squads of soldiers. Thus began a long soliloquy, during which, the expressions of disappointment that exit out the program, mix considerations political. Arriving at the courthouse, the landlord criminal complaint to the notary the presence, in his tavern a young man who would not reveal the identities. The official, who has already received the report of the informer and who already know the name of Renzo, shows, however, not satisfied with the information provided by the owner of the tavern and place the man to intense interrogation. The criminal lawyer and two policemen enter the room by Renzo and instructed him to follow them. Frightened by the noise that comes from the road and that seems to announce new riots, the notary immediately abandon the authoritarian attitude and, with good, Renzo has tried to get to follow them. The official show too polite and says that it is a mere formality, but the young man's faith pays and starts to develop a plan to involve the crowd in his favor. Took to the streets, the two policemen to give a tight handcuffs Renzo, who, with a cry of pain, drew the attention of passers-by. Taking advantage of the small crowd that formed around the group, the young man asks for help. To escape the lynching, the bailiffs and notaries, leaving the prisoner and blend into the crowd.

CHAPTER XVI

Renzo escapes and bailiffs, refusing the possibility to seek asylum in a convent, he runs away trying to leave the city and state. Not knowing their bearings, Renzo, after careful examination of some passers-by, one of them asks for information that inspires confidence. The young man goes through Milan, and passing with indifference a garrison of soldiers, released from the wall directly to the country where he lives Bergamasco Bortolo. Renzo is moving away from Milan, but for fear of taking to the highways and the desire not to draw suspicion on himself by asking for information, wrong direction several times. During his journey he remembers the events of the previous day and discuss the situation. Arrived at an inn in a secluded, the young dining. By a ruse, he can then be pointing to the old landlady, the road to the border. Towards evening, Renzo arrives in the village of Gorgonzola near the border, and dinner in a tavern here. Tries, without success, to obtain indications of the innkeeper for the way forward to cross the Adda and go in the Venetian Republic. It is then approached by a customer who asks him if he comes from Milan and whether it has information on the revolt: Renzo gives evasive answers. The group of customers, then you add a merchant of Milan. This is a conservative, methodical and an enemy of any disorder, which gives its own version of events. In particular, he says that the leaders of the revolt were all arrested, but one that stopped at an inn, managed to escape. The reference to the story of Renzo is obvious. Afraid of falling again into the hands of justice, Renzo leave the inn of Gorgonzola and goes, almost instinctively, to the Adda.

CHAPTER XVII

Released inn Gorgonzola, Renzo continues to walk in darkness, along the roads, according to his sense of direction, should lead to the Adda. During the trip, his thoughts go to the merchant and his guide distorted and libelous. After passing some countries and have discarded the possibility to request accommodations, Renzo you forward in an area not under cultivation and later in a forest. Here he is caught by an obscure concern, but, just when about to retrace his steps, he hears the noise and rushed towards the Adda river. Not being able to cross the river, or being able to spend the night outdoors, because of the cold, Renzo refuge in an abandoned hut. After reciting the evening prayers, the young man tries to fall asleep, but his mind facing painful memories. About six o'clock the next morning, Renzo, against the backdrop of a magnificent sunrise and resumed the road to the Adda. Ferried by a passing fisherman on the Bergamo side of the river from here, the young are walking to the country of his cousin. Renzo lunch at the inn. After the meal, give the last coins that have been reduced to a family, hunger, begging, the episode provides an opportunity for some reflections on Providence. Arrived in the country Bortolo, Renzo instantly locates the wheel and there is his cousin, who welcomed him joyfully, declaring willing to help, although the time is not the most propitious. The two cousins \u200b\u200bwill inform each other about their situation and the politics of their countries. After being warned of the use of call Baggiani the Milan Bergamo, Renzo is presented to the master of spinning and hired as a worker.

CHAPTER XVIII

Justice performs a search at the home of Renzo and asks his fellow countrymen. Don Rodrigo meanwhile, welcomed the action against Renzo and Count Attilio receives new stimulus and encouragement to persevere in his purpose. But his complacency is disturbed by the news about Agnes and Lucy, reported to it by Griso. So he is about to abandon the enterprise, because the monastery and the presence in it of the powerful Gertrude constitute an insurmountable obstacle for him. Prevails, however, the fear of onto the defeat, and Don Rodrigo decides to kidnap Lucia groped again, using the aid of a nobleman notorious for its criminal enterprises: the Unnamed. Lucy and Agnes are informed by the bailiff of the convent that Renzo is wanted for the facts of the riot, while a fisherman, charged by Cristoforo, in confirming the report, adding that the young person has found shelter in the Bergamasco. The two women continue their lives at the monastery of Monza, comforted by the reassuring news about Renzo, that the Friar sends them through his messengers. Lucia, meanwhile, entered into with more confidence and Gertrude go with her much of his time. Not having heard from between Christopher, Agnes decides to leave the convent and switch Pescarenico before returning home. In his journey is aided by the fisherman who had brought the earliest records of Renzo. Reached Pescarenico, Agnes learns that Galdino between father Christopher was moved to Rimini. The woman thus returns to his country in despair. Count Attilio is directed to an uncle, a member of the secret, because those who are familiar with the father provincial of the Capuchins, intervenes to transfer between Christopher. To convince him, Attilio sets, about the clash between the brother and Don Rodrigo, his own version of the facts false and libelous.

Pci Express Card With Internal Usb Headers

Summaries to XXXVIII

CHAPTER XX

Chapter XX opens with a description of the castle where the Unnamed leads his solitary life: a wild and rugged high place where only his friends and his men dare to tread. The castle is reached by a steep uphill climb at the beginning of which, like a guard post, there is a tavern of Malanotte. Don Rodrigo you arrive and is greeted by a boy in full armor. After having laid down their arms, the lord of the castle is accompanied by good dell'Innominato, while his companions, to except for the Griso, must remain at the tavern. The portrait of the Unnamed: a man in his sixties, from the extraordinary strength. Don Rodrigo asks him to kidnap Lucia. Reluctantly accepts the Unnamed, knowing they can count on the help of Giles, the lover of Gertrude. In his terrible loneliness, the Unnamed thinks back to his crimes and is terrified of death and divine justice. Even the thought of kidnapping Lucia upsets him, but for not listen to the voice of his conscience, he immediately sends the Kite, the leader of his good, to Giles, the preparation of the criminal plan. Convinced by Giles to be an accomplice in the kidnapping, Gertrude, despite the resistance of the girl, unable to send out Lucia from the convent, under the pretext of bringing a message to the Father Superior of the Capuchins. Coming at a lonely road, Lucy is approached by deception by dell'Innominato good and loaded to force in a carriage. During the journey to the castle of the Red Kite, even by force blocking his attempts to escape, trying to reassure the girl. Lucia, meanwhile, prays that his captors let themselves go, then view the futility of his claims, addressed his prayers to God to see the car approaching the Malanotte, the Unnamed tried to quickly get rid of Lucy and lead directly to it by Don Rodrigo. But no one's consciousness of his imperious best to keep even the girl at himself. Then sends the noble calling an old maid and the order to reach the coach and courage to do Lucy. The physical and moral portrait of the maid, an old decrepit, lazy and irritable. Lucia arrives at the castle of.

CHAPTER XXI

Lucia is loaded onto a stretcher and, with the old dall'Innominato charge of her bravery, is conveyed to the castle. Lucia is not moved by the prayers of the woman, but bring to mind a forgotten religion. The Kite while running from his master to tell him the outcome of the mission and looks forward to his master that he felt sorry for Lucia. Surprised by the statements of the brave, choose to see the Unnamed the girl in person. Lucia prayed to the noble rescue, reminding God's forgiveness in return for acts of mercy. The Nameless, increasingly troubled by the prayers of the young, suggests that the release tomorrow. Lucy is left alone with the old servant of the Unnamed, which, among the angry and frightened, looking, in a rather 'clumsy, to encourage her. The girl, however, refuses food and the bed prepared for her and is squatting on the ground. Lucia is in a state of slumber in his mind and crowd the terrible images of the day. Then fully awakened, she began to pray and, in exchange for the release from prison, vows of chastity to the Madonna. Finally, calmed, fell asleep at dawn. After talks with Lucy, the Unnamed not get rid of the girl image. Put on his bed, he tries to recover the temperament of a time, but all thoughts of the criminal enterprise can unpleasant. The future looks devoid of interest and the past becomes a source of regret. Now in desperation, prepares to commit suicide, but the possibility that there is eternal life leads him to desist. Remembering the words of Lucy's back on God's forgiveness but he has confidence. The Nameless decides that the girl will release the next day. At dawn, the noble hear a happy sound of festive bells and see people in the valley. Intrigued, he instructs its good to check the reasons for this animation.

CHAPTER XXII

A good information that the Unnamed neighboring villages are celebrating the visit of the bishop. Left alone, the noble questions about the reasons why people celebrate the arrival of man. Then, driven by a desire to hear words of consolation, he decides to go to talk with him. Before going down to the village he goes to visit Lucy, his prisoner. Finding her asleep, the old order of her courage again, for he will do everything she wants. The Nameless arrives in the country to the amazement and fear of people who have never seen without a retinue of good. Who became the show place where to find the cardinal went there, sowing unrest among the priests there cruciferous crops and soul of the chaplain to whom he asks to see the bishop. Frederick was born from one of the most illustrious families of Lombardy, which is also part of the bishop of Milan, Carlo Borromeo, who was beatified a few years later. From childhood pays attention to respect for Christian principles. Teenager, Frederick chose the religious life and in college at Pavia, is dedicated to the study, catechesis and charitable works. His life is an example of faith and deep humility. Appointed bishop of Milan, Federigo continues, despite the prestigious post, her choice of life characterized by poverty and charity. To Pastoral adds the cultural and founded the Ambrosian Library: innovative institution which is a precursor of the founder of modern intellectuals. The mild and amiable character and then complete the moral portrait of Frederick, making it an example of Christian life, while not flawless in terms of views on science and culture.

CHAPTER XXIII

cruciferous The chaplain warns Cardinal Federigo dell'Innominato of the visit, and at the same time it invites us not to receive it because it is a dangerous man. The Bishop insists instead to view it immediately. Muttering to himself, introduces the chaplain and the Unnamed Bishop welcomed him with arms open. With a courteous and friendly words do, Frederick puts the Unnamed at ease and makes him reveal his troubles. The then speaks of God's forgiveness and to those words, the Unnamed bursts into tears: his conversion took place and the two can embrace. The noble then the bishop says the kidnapping of Lucy and declares he wants to leave as soon as possible. Frederick sent for the chaplain, the parish priest and Fr Abbondio, so that we can arrange the release of Lucia. The chaplain announces the conversion of the Unnamed priests gathered, then called the pastor and Rev. Abbondio. The latter stepped forward reluctantly and after some hesitation. At the village priest, the cardinal order to find a woman courage to face that Lucia during his release. A Don Abbondio calls instead of accompanying the Unnamed then up to the castle to take care of the girl, the nice excuses to avoid traveling with the man who scares him, but eventually is forced to follow orders. The Unnamed and Don Abbondio are preparing to begin the journey together with the bishop litterer and a woman in charge of the parish priest. In crossing the square crowded with people, the Unnamed is looked upon with admiration by the crowd that has already learned of his conversion. After leaving the Don Abbondio, still doubtful about the true repentance of that man, he begins a long soliloquy in which he gets angry with those who threatened his quiet life. Prosecution of Don Rodrigo trouble and always try to involve others. All'Innominato complains too much uproar by his conversion and the cardinal, the precipitation in a noble trust and, above all, I entrust the fate of a priest. The Unnamed meanwhile, is troubled by guilt and worry for the new life. The group crosses the Malanotte and comes close to the castle, where the good looking ladies with their concerns and respect. Once you arrive on the esplanade opposite the castle, the noble woman to please the courage now to Lucy, then accompanies her, along with Don Abbondio, locked in the room where the girl.

CHAPTER XXIV

Lucia, still under the old guard, the Unnamed hear a knock at the door and immediately afterwards saw a woman enter the room and Don Abbondio. The girl is stunned, but is heartened by the good woman's words and assurances of the priest, who, eager to leave as soon as possible from there, invited her to hurry. On leaving, then Lucy meets the Unnamed and, after a first impulse of fear, finds the strength to thank him. Lucia and the woman finally rise on the stretcher and the group is moving towards the village. On the gurney, she continues to inform and reassure Lucia about the identity of the Unnamed. A revelation that the girl has a new leap and a miracle. Going along with the woman, all'Innominato to Lucia and the Castle of the latter, Don Abbondio is caught by new fears. At first concerned that the mule that is riding you throw into the precipice, then that good dell'Innominato the martirizzino and finally fear that Don Rodrigo may assign a certain role in the conversion and release of Lucia. The parish priest, always talking to himself, then gets angry with the bishop. Finally down to entrust to talk to perpetuate the task of reporting to Don Rodrigo their full strangeness of the facts, and arrived in the country, moving towards his own parish without even greeting the cardinal. After liberation, the woman who accompanied ago accommodate Lucia at home and start preparing lunch. The girl Meanwhile, thinking back to the vow of chastity gives the previous night, he regrets what he did, but then denies that momentary repentance. In the house are entering the head of the family, the tailor, and children. The man, a people who loves reading, speaks extensively about the cardinal's sermon and the obligation to charity. Then, to put those words into practice, is one of the daughters to bring food to a poor family in the neighborhood. Meanwhile, Agnes, led her to the tailor's house, he met Don Abbondio which reassures her about the fate of Lucia and recommend them to shut up about the failed marriage. Then come to, embraces her daughter Agnes and the two women can exchange information. Agnese and Lucia then receive the visit of the Bishop and Agnes reveals the details of the story, focusing on the faults of Don Abbondio and omitting any reference to marriage as a surprise. But Lucia, for the sake of truth also reveals that aspect. After the interview the cardinal was holding with the hosts, and the tailor who would make a good impression with some quotes learned, he can hardly speak. Before leaving, Frederick promised to seek news of Renzo. Speaking with the pastor, the bishop finds a way to tailor the reward for his generosity will pay the debts that the villagers have contracted with him. Returning to the castle, the Unnamed convene its good with the usual authorities. He communicates his conversion and gives them new measures to ensure that its territories are not committed more violence and lawlessness. Good welcome the change with different attitudes, but no one dares to replicate. Finally, having found the strength and words to pray, the Unnamed calmed down, he was seized by sleep and fell asleep.

CHAPTER XXV

The village of Renzo and Lucia comes the news of the kidnapping and subsequent release by dell'Innominato, Lucia. On hearing the story of those events, people find the courage to express his hatred of Don Rodrigo, the mayor, Azzecca-tangles and all other friends of the gentleman. The latter, annoyed by that talk and did not wish to meet with Cardinal Federigo, who announced a visit to the village, he leaves for Milan accompanied by the Griso and the other good. The inhabitants of the village of Renzo and Lucia joyfully welcome the visiting bishop, just do Abbondio, annoyed by the whole soul and worried about possible accusations of Frederick, does not share the general joy. After an initial meeting between the cardinal and the priest is sent to a stretcher to the house of a tailor to bring Agnese and Lucia to the country to discuss with them about a future arrangement. During their stay at the house of a tailor, and Agnes Lucy found a certain serenity, though the talk of Renzo remain very sad. Lucia is always shielded from prying eyes, but, bowing to pressure from the tailor and Prassede aristocratic woman, is forced to go to the latter's house for a meeting. Prassede woman, intrigued by the story of Lucia, offering hospitality and shelter to the young. The intent of the noblewoman is not only to protect the girl, but also to make her forget that Renzo, according Prassede woman is a crook. We thus discover that the surface is a noblewoman who practice charity without really want the good of others. Been approved by Lucia, the noblewoman have reports from her husband, Don Ferrante, a letter to the bishop, in which he communicates the solution to the Security Lucia. Go back to the country, Lucia and Agnese immediately meet the bishop, who read the letter from Donna Prassede, accept that solution. Then exits from the rectory, the two women are greeted with joy by his fellow citizens. Start a new conversation between Don Abbondio and Frederick. The bishop asked for an explanation to the priest about the refusal to celebrate the wedding. The parish priest tries to lie, to evade the question, but eventually reveals almost everything. Cardinal criticizes severely Don Abbondio prefixed for fear for their lives to the priestly duties, but the pastor seems unable to understand the true meaning of the words of Frederick.

CHAPTER XXVI

Chapter XXVI opens with Don Abbondio trying to answer questions from the Cardinal Federigo becoming increasingly pressing. In fact, the curate, weighs another serious charge: that of not marrying the two promised. Don Frederick Abbondio asked what he would do if required to do so. The Cardinal, at first, replied that he should do his duty and marry them, then, that instead he could have sought the intervention of its bishop. But Frederick is not to make the Inquisitor understands what the fabric is nice and while not forgiving him, comforted him and encourages him to hope to resistance in the name of the great values \u200b\u200bof religion: our life should be measured and benchmarked against the background earthly things but of the eternal afterlife. Dall'Innominato meanwhile come to the cardinal a letter with a hundred crowns should be used for the dowry of Lucia. But that, when pressed, now revealed to his mother's vote: the calls for patience and to send half the money to Renzo. Di Renzo in the State of Milan nobody knows anything, not even the Cardinal can not know something. This is because Renzo, warned that he was wanted by the police in charge of Venice from Milan, at the suggestion of his cousin had changed its name to Antonio Rivolta and changed mill.

CHAPTER XXVII

The author is preparing to provide information on the war of succession to the duchy of Mantua and Monferrato. Vincenzo Gonzaga, died and was succeeded by Carlo Gonzaga, the French branch of Nevers. Spain's opposed to Mantua, Ferrante Gonzaga, Prince of Guastalia, and the Monferrato Carlo Emanuele I of Savoy. Don Gonzalo, governor of Milan in Italy wants to make war desire for personal glory and sides with the Duke of Savoy, to share with him the Monferrato. Therefore lead to the siege of Casale, but the operation was long and unsuccessful. His protest at the Venetian Republic with regard to the escape of Renzo is revealed due to quotas on political grounds, but the time passed, the governor does not intend to deal with the character. Meanwhile Renzo wants to hear from him the two women, but not knowing how to write, it must turn to those who can do it and make him share its secrets. You start as a chart, or quickly, or adjust with Agnes. The operation to communicate through the mediation of professional writers and literary readers turns out to be very complex. The young man in every way from Agnes receives the gift of fifty crowns' Unnamed, indecipherable to voting news around Lucia's advice and put your heart at peace. But he firmly rejects the suggestion and said to keep the money as the dowry of Lucia. She, when he learned that Renzo is safe and sound, try and just want a great relief that he "thinks forget it", and proposed to do the same. To complicate matters involved Prassede woman, seeking every opportunity to talk about Renzo as a criminal, thinking that they forget to do Lucy. The young person feels constantly forced to defend his promise and is therefore in a large disturbance. Fortunately, Lucy is not the only person who aims to guide women Prassede. At your disposal are a number of daughters and husband, Don Ferrante, a man of learning who do not like either command or obey: So leave the Government House with his wife but is jealous of its independence. His reign is the library, where he collected more than 300 volumes. It is thus more than an amateur in astrology, philosophy in his preference is to Aristotle, the natural sciences rather than deepen the study of magic and witchcraft, because it spells to defend themselves from others. Indoctrinated in the history and politics, deserves and has the title of professor in the science of chivalry, so that he would often turn in affairs of honor. But here the narrator stops, not to merit by the reader, along with the anonymous, the way of nuisance. He spent a year in which you do not register any change in the conditions of the characters. E 'instead of the story "great" that is going to mess up, like a large turbine, with the general and dramatic events, including the lives of the humble.

CHAPTER XXVIII

The narrator is preparing to commemorate the great historic events that involve the characters the novel. Recall the story of the history of Milan from the tumult of San Martino, he notes that the provisions of the authority that established the political price of bread flour and the population led to a consumer without saving that aggravates the condition of shortage of stocks. Laws seeking to take corrective and threaten severe punishments on offenders, until, around the date of execution of the four unfortunates held responsible for the riot, violent fare that is abolished. But now the conditions are very severe famine and the narrator, on the basis of reports of the time, intends to make a portrait. The work is stopped and Milan fell to an index performance. For the professional beggars adding new classes of poor impoverished: journeymen, laborers, servants made redundant and also good. But the worst performance is offered by farmers from the countryside are pouring into the city, in the hope of some benefit or charity. The deaths are becoming more frequent. Many are also the signs of charity is that of the individual, is the largest organized by Cardinal Federigo, who had chosen six priests that could run for the city and helping the most serious cases. But the need is so widespread that the charity is forced to choose and not enough to bring a sufficient remedy. The contrast between wealth and poverty, a characteristic of the century, is now reduced, because the nobles maintain only a semblance of mediocrity seemed. Under these conditions the looming danger of contagion. After much hesitation it was decided to concentrate all the beggars in the hospital, a building constructed prior to welcome the sick of the plague. Those who enter voluntarily are few, so it resorts to coercion. In the military hospital overcrowding, lack of hygiene and promiscuity make it even more painful coexistence and mortality increases. The measure is so clear and the echo of the ancient city back to complain. Meanwhile, however, is ready, the new crop: farmers returning to their work, stop the famine and the mortality rate decreases. But the looming new scourge of war. The diplomatic intrigues among the majors, having put an end to the siege of Casale, leads the 'imperial army to cross the Milanese to go to the siege of Mantua. The troops Lanzichenecchi, professional soldiers that make it up, bring with them the plague, but the authorities underestimate this danger. Removed for the bad success of the war, Don Gonzalo left Milan accompanied by jeers of the people who blame the hunger suffered under his rule. Like all the armies of the time, even the German practice, the looting of the countries that met in its path and its descent through the Valtellina and the Valsassina brings terror and destruction.

CHAPTER XXIX

Abbondio Meanwhile, Don, received news of the arrival of the army, determined to go first of all, followed Perpetua, as incapable of reason for fear. He begged for help from the window to his parishioners, but they do not escape the busy standing there at all. Then came two of Agnes, who proposed to travel with her at the Nameless, as all three took to the fields, although Don Abbondio grumbling. They found themselves in the country and the tailor went to visit him, this did take figs, peaches, boiled chestnuts and began to talk about the good patient who had chosen at the Unnamed. Abbondio Don was in a hurry, so he found a tailor to cart second half of the trip. The Nameless on the day of conversion was always intent on doing good in these times and had spread the news that his house is always open to those in need, putting some farmers to guard the castle, also get commissions for doing all its guests .

CHAPTER XXX

In Chapter 30, Don Abbondio, Agnese and Perpetua are at the Unnamed. It seems that everything bothers and frightens Don Abbondio. The reception at the Unnamed is how women are expected, and this reassures the guests, saying that even if they had to attack the mercenaries, they were ready to fight and then they would be safe. Agnese and Perpetua agree to help in the castle not to be too much weight to the 'Unnamed. Don Abbondio has these needs and pacing nervously from room to room throughout the day. The 'Nameless wants to get in touch with the curate, who, being a man of the Church, considered almost equal. Don Abbondio try in every way to avoid any dialogue with the Unnamed, which has a neutral and terror that you do not fully trust. After a few days by the passage of mercenaries, the three leave the castle of the last, after all the other guests of these, because Don Abbondio wanted to be sure not to find mercenaries on the streets. The tailor's house was not damaged because was out of the itinerary. Their hand was ransacked and also the treasure that Perpetua had hidden in the garden has been stolen. Don Abbondio why the prosecution had not beaten the earth well buried after Perpetua and then gets angry and he points out that, besides not being helpful in any way was indeed out of trouble. People have also stolen tablecloths and other valuable things Don Abbondio, And he who is afraid of everything and everyone, not even dream of going to take them back, and for that Perpetua's from 'the coward. Manzoni writes a few pages calm the fever in which he describes the death, famine, despair of these people, describing various incidents. During this period, for various reasons, there is no appropriate treatment for fever. Tadino and Ripamonti are two historians who are interested in the problem of fever, more like trying to find out who had taken her. The husband of Donna Prassede, Don Ferrante, believes that since the plague can not be seen and not be touched, does not exist. He died of the plague. The government tries to silence the disease and its effects.

CHAPTER XXXI

Manzoni Chapter 31 shows the behavior of a frightened population. The fever usually does in a few hours, sometimes more, but in a short time, leading rapidly to death of those infected. In a few cases it heals and then one is immune. The plague causes degeneration lymph glands in buboes (hence the name bubonic plague). Meetings are held to 'open to pray God that does away with this terrible disease, which, instead of halting the spread of this disease, accelerates, because the healthy people being in contact with the sick, was infected easily. The people even begin to think that someone who knowingly spreads the disease, the plague spreaders. In reality, the spreaders do not exist, but there have been cases where people, driven by despair, he decided to kill anyone suspected of having deliberately spread the plague. One example is the old man was killed because in the Cathedral, before sitting down, he brushed the dirty bench with his hat, and had been accused of spreading the illness star.

CHAPTER XXXII

As the situation becomes increasingly serious, the Council calls for subsidies for settlers to the governor and asked the cardinal archbishop who make a solemn procession. The Cardinal would not want to, when it would be an opportunity for crime in the spreaders and expansion of the infection, but then relents. The large and solemn procession takes place on the main streets of the city: we have all the people that still stand. But the day after the mortality increases to such an extent that everyone realizes that the procession was a mistake. In the end, two thirds will die of plague population, about three thousand people a day. Children, women and old were the most exposed to the epidemic. In the hospital, which is no longer enough, is a bustle of patients who are made to flow and deaths that start with the mass graves. The city is crossed by wagons driven by Monatti, responsible for the collection of patients: these are people who had the plague and it is immunized. The surviving population lives in the state of mind of who it is constantly threatened by a mysterious and devious and powerful enemy. They all live in fear everywhere we think we see the spreaders. However, there is someone who thinks and should not be prudently silent. Among the judges reign of loss and confusion. I suspect you magnify and multiply.

CHAPTER XXXIII

One night, toward the end of August, right in the dead of the plague, Don Rodrigo, returning home from a party with three of his friends and the Griso starts to feel a strange uneasiness. I arrived home, he goes to bed and try to sleep, but the discomfort grows until he discovers a boil. Asks for help because the Griso call a surgeon who takes money for the sick hidden: the Griso calls instead Monatti that led him to hospital. But before the master died of the plague even the Griso. Renzo also fell ill with fever, but recovering, he decided to go looking for Lucy. No one in utter confusion, will care for him and his face justice. Greeted his cousin Bortolo, cross the Adda and looks to his country. Reign everywhere the signs of death, abandonment, suffering. Towards evening comes to his country and for the first meet Tony, half naked and dazed by the plague. Renzo talks to him in vain, but Toni does not recognize it. Meet Don Abbondio after he lost Perpetua: it is poorly made but is concerned about the presence of Renzo source of trouble for him. Renzo learns that Agnes is Pasturo. For the night shelter in a friend's house. The next day he decided to go to Milan in search of Lucy.

CHAPTER XXXIV

Renzo can enter Milan, just a coin for the rapid approval of the guard. Entering the city sees everywhere the signs of the disease and the terrible desolation. . Renzo's attention is then drawn from the invocation of a woman arrested at home with her children because her husband died of plague. The woman was in danger of starvation. Renzo gives her a little bread available and will be responsible to warn someone. In fact, shortly after he met a priest, which relies on the woman and asks him about where he lives Prassede woman. But as it flows through the neighborhoods of the city, from the peripheral to those of the center, Renzo encounters horrific scenes of suffering and death. Wagons were driven by Monatti for the collection of sick or dead bodies. Assists episode of the mother of Cecilia, a girl died of plague. Can then finally find the house of Don Ferrante, but here he learns that Lucia is the hospital, the hospital of the plague. Mistaken for a infector, can hardly escape a group of people furious, jumping on a bandwagon Monatti. Renzo can not wait to leave that company and ugly, just the way he likes to acknowledge, to Gate East, down from the wagon. The military hospital not far away. Renzo enters and stops in the middle of the porch a moment to contemplate the sea of \u200b\u200bpain.

CHAPTER XXXV

Renzo enters the military hospital: a collection of huts and buildings hairpieces, stand up for the occasion, along with other masonry. The place is horrible, and the horror is intensified humid air and the leaden sky. It is, in fact, a storm approaching. Renzo realizes that he entered the men's department. The general view is that which arises from a place that is a condensed, a container of which bears great suffering on the air and the sky hazy. The first group of patients, placed apart, inside a fence, is that of children reared by cows and goats, some are babies and need constant care and attention. Many women cured of the plague shall be responsible for supervision of children, but also goats, as if aware of the great suffering, meek offering their milk to children. Everything moved Renzo starts walking. And here's sudden appearance: his father Christopher. The father having been for years in Rimini, for higher pressure on has got to be recalled to Milan and be used to serve the sick. Renzo's is a brief summary of his adventures and tells of being in the military hospital in search of Lucy. Could it be, if he is still alive in the compound assigned to women: it is forbidden to enter. But the father the dates authorizing the good intentions that animate it. Renzo says he is ready to take revenge on Don Rodrigo, who is the source of all his misfortunes and Lucia. At this point, his father scolded him Christopher and the law of revenge contrasts with the Christian law of forgiveness and charity. He, who has experienced the murder of a man, you know what is the dry path of revenge and how humanity away from God and therefore the search for justice requires death for death. True justice is a charity which compensates for the death of a man with the ideal growth of new humanity. Renzo believes are willing to forgive his opponent. And the brother takes him to a hut where she shows him dying Don Rodrigo Urged by his father, Renzo china face and prays to God for his persecutors. Purified by this act of forgiveness, Renzo can now return to seek his Lucia.

CHAPTER XXXVI

Renzo resumed his search along the leper Lucia's like finding a needle in a haystack. At the center, as a reference point and convergence, the chapel central plan, with a porch running around without sight of the altar from anywhere you may turn toward it. Meanwhile, the precession of healed or healing begins to start to gather around, led by his father Felix, who turns to the sick and convalescent, and greets them before they return to their homes, the usual occupations. After the procession, Renzo starts in the wards reserved for women, started to despair when it seems, placing himself next to a hut in a unique voice will be heard, that of Lucy. The renewed and generous with his usual impetuosity wants things back to normal. The vote, which still Lucia insists on respect, he seems to be the result of a troubled mind, then something incoherent. Against the steadfast opposition of Lucia, no one can dissolve the difficulties, except his father Christopher, called, hear the whole story by Lucia's vote, he realizes that this is a noble gesture but flawed source: was without taking into account the fact that she had promised. Father Christopher tells Lucy that if she allows it, may be dissolved by the vote. So father Christopher says the formula for winding up, and together gives them both a warning and advice: they can return as betrothed to the thoughts of the past, but remember that life must be spent in pursuit of the good and the suffering must arrange gaiety to collection and quiet. So farewell to the monk, now in the face with the signs of impending death. Lucia is to assist the merchant in the hut that was attached. Renzo decides to leave immediately and go in search of Agnes. The first time it was muggy and foggy is traversed by the sound of thunder, now seems to want to precipitate in the form of a storm.

CHAPTER XXXVII

Released by lazar Renzo is caught in a storm, what will take away the plague. Come from 'friend, is resting in his house until the next day and then goes to Pasturo. Here is Agnes, who makes a great party. Renzo's cousin then return to Bergamo Bortoloper look for a house. From there it is again in the little town with Agnese Lucia to expect that after the quarantine is about to return. Before departure, Lucy learns the death of Father Christopher, the case against the nun of Monza, forced now to the more austere penances because suspected of heinous crimes, and even the death of a woman Prassede and Don Ferrante.

CHAPTER XXXVIII

Lucia finally returns to his village. Don Abbondio finally decides to marry the two young men, but only when he learns that the palace of Don Rodrigo is now occupied by the heir of him, a marquis, "bravissim'uomo" who knew the story of Lucia and Renzo , and is willing to buy high-priced houses and vacate their Renzo dall'imbroglio Milan. The couple, with Agnes, moved to Bergamo, where family and business thrive. The novel ends with the famous moral put into the mouth of Lucy: "... I did not go looking for trouble is they who have come to look for me ... but the trouble is often because one reason is given, but the more cautious and more innocent conduct is not enough to keep them away ...».