The Lords of War
Node trade between Africa and Asia since ancient times (witness the Egyptian Fifth Dynasty), the Islamized Somalia was in the seventh century, through the establishment of trade centers of Arab Zeila, Mogadishu and Brava. The merger between Semites and Hamites led to the formation of the Kingdom of Ifat in the fourteenth century, which suffered the influences of the nearby Abyssinian civilization. The whole region was conquered the Christian kingdom of Shoa and recovered with the formation of the kingdom of Adel at the beginning of the sixteenth century and with the advance of the Ottoman Turks. Divided into local Muslim rulers, formally dependent on Zanzibar, entered the colonial aims in Europe following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869: in 1884, occupied GranBretagna Zeila, Bulhar and Berbera, while France took possession of Djibouti, most the country became the Italian colony after several treaties with the sultans of Obbie and Migiurtinia in 1889. Italy won in 1889, an agreement by the Italian Consul in Aden with their sultans, the protectors of the sultanate Obbie and that of Migiurtina. In 1892 the Sultan of Zanzibar granted rent ports Benadir (including Mogadishu and Brava) Filonardi trading company. The Benadir, although run by a private company, was tapped by the Kingdom of Italy as the base for expeditions to the mouth of the Jubba and the Omo and the assumption of a protectorate over the town of Lugh. In March 1902, the Benadir Soc submit to Parliament a comprehensive and coordinated program of action that then leads to employment of Barder and Lugh, the establishment of a transportation service, ground and sea and a treaty with the Sultan of Ghelédi. The Italian military forces in that country are very small and consist only of local bands set up in Yemen or controlled by Italian and Eritrean. Two years later, the crisis business of the Company and the restrictive policy of Benadir Italian who took action against the slavery of the Arab tribes of the coast, led to the first clash with the faction of Bimal in market area. Our allegations of slavery considered unfounded fears of invasion and leads to the termination of the mullahs with the Benadir Soc. In fact, however, Italy had replaced the Company for some months. Over the next four years will number two wars against the tribes.
In January 13, 1905 agreement between Italy and England to Italy redeems the four Somali airports in exchange for a lump sum payment of 144,000 pounds for the government of Zanzibar. By another agreement, the rent England Italy a plot of land in the Bay of Kismayo. The land is used for constructing a sbarcatoio and cargo sheds. The same year he proclaimed the Italian colony of Somalia to the northeast and south. In September 1907, Menelik autoincoironato King of Kings of Ethiopia, sent an expedition to extort taxes. After being rejected for the first time by men of the Mullah, he manages to reach the wells of Lugh Berdal at starting a series of raids. The captains and Bongiovanni Molinari with 300 men decide to take action in order to peacefully return the loot. Reached Bahallè are forced to fight by the Abyssinians, and there are death.
The excesses made in raids will be punished by the same Menelik. Following these events ending in Addis Ababa a treaty for the demarcation of borders between Ethiopia and Italian Somalia. In practice, however, the boundaries were fixed only by Dolo (south) to let. The English grand'offensiva against Mullah ends with the escape of the latter in the territory of Nogal. He died at the high Imi Uebi in 1921. In Italy meanwhile, is founded in Milan the Italo-Somali Agricultural Society on the initiative of HRH The Duke of Abruzzi. England gives Jubaland post-war Italy as compensation. In July of the following starting operations for employment under the General Commissariat of Jubaland dell'Oltregiuba. Somalia has not become a colony of settlement, indeed the capital Mogadishu certainly will not come to the size of "Italian" in Asmara, reaching a count - a maximum of Italian immigration - not more than 10,000 Italians.
The region was an integral part of the Ogaden Somali territory before it was sold to the Ethiopian King Menelik II, who in 1887 went to Berlin to beg the great powers at an outlet to the sea. The three signatories to Italy, Britain and France during the years 1884-1886 gave the Ogaden as a reward to? Ethiopia not to have hindered the search for territorial concessions in the Horn of Africa.
Siad Barre: Somali political and military. President of Somalia (1969-1991). In 1976 he founded the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party. The progressive loss of consensus led him to an increasingly authoritarian policy that would strengthen the internal opposition. With the establishment of the empire, the former Ethiopian Ogaden, it is placed back in the province of Somalia. Scoppiatala Second World War, Somalia was occupied by British troops who crossed the border dell'Oltregiuba, 27 February 1941 entered the capital Mogadishu, taking on the administration and setting up separate the Ogaden territory. The Ogaden Ethiopia was finally made. In the south, the British made similar gifts to the Somali region of Kenya NFD (North District Front). The British occupation of Somaliland lasted until March 31, 1950, when it became independent. The Ogaden in Somali history is the region where battles are fought.
Somalia, to Italian authorities, in turn, became independent on 1 July 1960 and there was the union of two former colonies.
In 1967, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar in elections fought by Abdi Rashid Ali Shirmarke. The President Shermarke is assassinated by one of his bodyguards.
General Mohamed Siad Barre took power in a military coup a few days later. Sid Barre, the son of a pastor, in 1941 he entered the territorial police force, during the fifties he attended a course in Italy ufficiali.Dopo for the independence of Somalia (1960) made his career in the army, to become commander in chief. In 1970, Siad Barre declares Somalia a socialist state and nationalized much of the economy .
In July 1977, the low-intensity warfare between rebels backed by Somali government and Ethiopian army is transformed into a conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia. The theater the fighting is the Ethiopian region of Ogaden.
Ogaden, in '77 was fought one of the bloodiest conventional wars in history. The
Somalia under the leadership of dictator Siad Barre tried to wrest the arid region of Ethiopia, the Soviet army commanded by General Vasily Petrov and Lieutenant General of Aviation G. Dolnikov jointly led by the Cuban Division General Arnaldo Ochoa (later shot by Castro for drug trafficking), established a Joint Staff in Mengistu was the political leader. The Ethiopian armed forces consisted of five Ethiopian General, Cuban 8, 5 2 Soviet Yemen (Yemen sent 2,000 soldiers), 50,000 Ethiopian soldiers assisted by 18,000 Cubans, Israeli pilots on the F5, the Cuban pilots and Yemeni MiG.
using a massive airlift of military information in addition to the Cubans and Soviets who had until then armed the regime of Mohamed Siad Barre, in the space of a year the Ethiopians drove back the Somali from positions won, defeating them in battle and of Diredaua Giggig. He remained popular with the transaction which the Russians jumped the line Somali transferred to a huge mass of helicopters entire motorized division. Following the defeat in the conflict with Ethiopia to control the Ogaden, Siad Barre, suspended diplomatic relations with the USSR and in 1978 brought the country into the orbit West, and in March 1978, a group of army officers seeking to overthrow the regime of Siad Barre without success.
One of the originators of the attempted coup of 1978, Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmad is one of the founders of the first movement of armed opposition to the regime of Siad Barre: the Somali Salvation Front (FSS), which in 1981 became the Front Somali Salvation Democratic (FDSS). Ysuf is its leader.
May 1988: The Somali National Movement (MNS) unleashed an offensive in the north. Siad Barre responds by bombing the region. Hundreds of thousands of civilians are displaced and many lose their lives. It 's the first real challenge to the regime of Siad Barre. In May 1990: In Mogadishu has published a manifesto which calls for convening a reconciliation conference. The sign 144 personalities of the country, representing all Somali clans.
since 1980 in the northern provinces remained active anti-government guerrillas, the expression of several opposition movements and various ethnic groups, born in December 1990 with the outbreak in Mogadishu in an armed revolt that January 27 1991, after heavy fighting, overthrew the government and forced Siad Barre to flee. The provisional government established failed to quell the fighting between different factions that brought the country into a state of serious crisis.
The November 17, 1991, begins the war between the two factions of the output ( U nited S Omali C ONGRESS ) ; in April 1992 began the mission UNOSOM I and the troops Restore Hope mission arrived in Somalia. In March 1993, the agreements are signed in Mogadishu, which provide for the holding of democratic elections and the establishment of a legitimate government by popular vote. We will not never applied.
In fact, in June (1993), the peacekeeping forces are attacked by the men of General Aidid, in July (1993), an American helicopter killed more than 50 Somalis gathered in a private house in Mogadishu, increasing hostility towards the international intervention forces, and in October (1993), the militia of General Aidid shot down a U.S. helicopter Rangers engaged in mopping-up operation. Again, March 24, 1994, Ali's generals, and Madie Aidid signed the Declaration of national reconciliation, promising to end the hostilities. The agreement will never be applied. UN forces retreat in Somalia finally ending March 28, 1995 to 'Operation Restore Hope. 
The situation policy in Somalia in late 1995 was very unstable. The State is divided into two nations in 1991, the capital, Mogadishu, is divided geographically by a 'green line' separating the cut virtually in half. Inside, other 'clan' share out the power of the city and the North, though formally under the control of Ali Mahdi, is in the hands of Islamic fundamentalists, who impose the law of Shari'a, while in the South, General Aidid holds the power of the other half of Mogadishu. Paradoxically, after the UN intervention, the political situation look worse. Somalia has now two heads of state: in June 1995 Gen. Aidid declared himself president, alongside the existing Interim President Ali Mahdi. The various parties in Somalia are also divided among themselves: Aidid was in fact discouraged USC-SNA (United Somali Congress-Somali National Alliance) by Ali "Atto", his right arm, pushed by the latter purpose of increasing cooperation with rival factions. In August 2000 a national reconciliation conference held in Djibouti confined Abdiqasim Salad Hassan was elected the first president of the Somali national government since 1991. But from the beginning this is facing stiff resistance from various armed groups, especially degi Rahanwein Resistance Army (RRA) led by Hassan Mohamed Nur, supported by neighboring Ethiopia. Since 1994 Somalia has been left to itself and its uncertain fate.
To understand the nature of the conflict must consider the historical heritage and development of traditional Somali society. The population belongs to one ethnic group and shares a single religion. It can not therefore speak dilotte tribal, meaning that conflicts between ethnic groups is completely different and we must instead consider the conflict 'classist', and 'clans' inside the same nation. The companies 'clan' is not generally the prelude to an anarchist society and, importantly, almost never leads to a conflict. Although the socio-political pre-colonial Somali is highly decentralized, there existed and still exists today, an efficient regulatory system between clans (guurti, or assemblies of elders, who are the legitimate representatives of clans and sub-clan). The roots of the dissolution of the Somali State are to be found in more recent times, considering the effects of the dictatorship of General Siad Barre (1969-1991), the 'Cold War', the management of Italian aid and international intervention. The State of Somalia became independent July 1, 1960. Nine years later, namely in October 1969, the policy of the country was disrupted by the coup that brought him to the head the country ('Somali Democratic Republic'), General Siad Barre. The second half of the sixties saw the army star on the political scene throughout the African continent, the Western political institutions typically left behind by colonialism were weak and unable to function in a democratic manner.
In this context, where it wants to impose a form of governance-style "democratic West", the only thing that can give the power "state" is the army or the army in the context stronger, when thousands of years are the clan to take the scepter and the country's traditional social order and the same CLAN are instigated with useless excuses of unification under one flag or religious ideology and the game gradually slipped from the hands of the real RULERS Soamlia, into the hands of those who support the arms trade and those who foment a war and a continuous friction, Clan spokespersons making dell'idealogia handled on duty. So who are the true Lords of War?
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