
was born in Milan on March 7, 1785 by Giulia Beccaria, Cesare Beccaria's daughter author of "On Crimes and Punishments," and Count Pietro Manzoni (Lecco member of the gentry). His first two years of life were spent in the farmhouse Coast Galbally, having to nurse from Catherine Panzeri. This fact is evidenced by the plate that is still posted in this farm. Following the separation of parents (her mother lives since 1793 with the cultured and wealthy Imbonati Charles, first in England, then France, Paris), Alessandro Manzoni 1791 to 1803 was educated in religious colleges, the first from 1796 to 1798 the College of St. Anthony in Merate Somaschi fathers and Lugano, then at Barnabiti. Although intolerant of such pedantic education, which also denounced the disciplinary boundaries, and even being considered a lazy student, he comes from such studies, a good classical education and literary taste. Fifteen years developed a sincere passion for poetry and wrote two remarkable sonnets. His maternal grandfather taught him to draw from observation of reality, strict and universal conclusions. The young Manzoni lived from 1803 to 1805 with the old Don Pedro, devotes much of his time with the girls and gambling, but also a way to attend the Environment enlightened aristocracy and upper classes in Milan. The neoclassical complacency of the time the first inspires the poetic experience, modulated on the work of Vincenzo Monti, literary idol of the moment. But besides these, Manzoni turns to Giuseppe Parini, a spokesman for the ideals of the Enlightenment, and the need to raise moral, and Francesco Lomonaco, an exile from Naples. This period should be the triumph of freedom, Adda, the four sermons that bear the imprint of Monti and Parini, but also the echo of Virgil and Horace. The method of writing and poetry manzonesco of this period is very close to the classical tradition. In 1805
reaches the mother in the district of Auteuil in Paris, where he spent two years, participating in the literary circle of so-called ideologues, philosophers of the nineteenth century school, among which makes many friends, notably Claude Fauriel (which will have a strong influence on the formation of Manzoni, Alessandro fact Fauriel instilled a great interest in history and understand that it must write in rigid models and fixed in time, but must be able to express feelings that will enable them to write in a more "real", so as to "strike" the heart of the reader) and have the opportunity to learn the theories of agnostic. Alex soaks you to the French culture in classical art, skeptical and sensationalist in philosophy (the senses are the basis of knowledge, the Enlightenment and the rational critique of reality, and fight prejudice and tradition-derived authority, the religious problems are not based on experience, but on superstition) and assist the development of rationalism towards romantic location.
In 1806-1807, while it is at Auteuil, appears for the first time in public as a poet, with two pieces, one entitled Urania, in the neoclassical style of which then he will become the most strenuous opponent each other, rather , an elegy in blank verse, on the death of Count Carlo Imbonati, from which, through his mother, will inherit considerable wealth, including the villa of Brusuglio, since become his principal residence.
Through Fauriel, Manzoni comes into contact with the German Romantic aesthetics, even before Madame de Stael the spread in Italy. In 1809, after the publication of his poem Urania, Manzoni declares that it will write no more verses like, adhering to the romantic poetry, according to which poetry should not be intended for an elite educated and sophisticated, but must be of general interest and to interpret the aspirations and ideas of readers. Manzoni is now on the path of romantic realism, but never accept the belief of both the romance and of his own Fauriel that poetry should be naive expression of the soul, and then never give up the intellectual domain of feeling and expression in a subsidiary formal feature of all the romance italiano.Nel 1811 Manzoni, former anti-clerical reaction upbringing and indifferent rather than an agnostic or atheist with respect to the religious problem, it approximates to the Church. In 1808, in Milan, the writer had married the Calvinist Henriette Blondel (1791-1833), daughter of a banker in Geneva, the marriage proved happy, crowned by the birth of nine children. Back in Paris, the association with the priest Degola Eustachio, Genoa, Jansenist (which is derived from St. Augustine the absolutist interpretation of the problem of predestination, grace and free will), the couple takes one o'clock abjuration of Calvinism and the other to a rapprochement with Catholic religious practice (1810).
This reconciliation with Catholicism is the writer for the result of long meditations, his attitude, even in its narrow orthodoxy (ie in the need to adhere strictly to the dictates of the Church), has lead him to the colorings Jansenist strict interpretation of the Catholic religion and morality. The rediscovery of faith for Manzoni was the logical consequence of the direct and dissolve, in the early 800, the myth of reason, conceived as eternally valid and reliable source of feedback, so we need to find a new firm foundation of morality. Lost, therefore, the hope of achieving peace through reason, life and history seemed to him romantically immersed in a vain, distressing, unexplained disorder that keep people in desperate need to find a worldly view. In Manzoni, therefore, the existential restlessness fervent faith consists in reconciling it with the firmness intellectual.
His intellectual energy in the time immediately following the conversion was undertaken in the composition of five hymns: The Resurrection, The Name of Mary, Christmas, Passion and Pentecost, a series of poems on the principal liturgical feasts. It is also dedicated to a treaty, Observations on Catholic morality, which is undertaken under the guidance of religious Monsignor Luigi Tosi (Degola which he had entrusted the spiritual leader of the Manzoni family on their return to Italy), in reparation to its initial distance from the faith.
important in the spiritual evolution of Manzoni was also Antonio Rosmini which formed a deep friendship. Rosmini, on his deathbed, he will own the comfort of Manzoni, which leaves the spiritual testament: Worship, shut up and enjoy.
In 1818 he sold all his possessions Lecco, including the Caleotto family villa where he spent his childhood. Intended to move permanently to France and had sold the house in Via Morone in Milan, but negotiations with Gian Giacomo Poldi Pezzoli were interrupted because the Austrian authorities denied him a passport.
In 1819 Manzoni published his first tragedy, The Count of Carmagnola, which generated a lively controversy because it violated courage all the classic conventions. An article published on an important literary magazine criticized him severely, on the other hand was even Goethe said in his defense, along with less well-known critic from Pieve Ligure Trincheri.
The death of Napoleon in 1821 inspired Manzoni's famous lyric poem The May 5. The political events of that year, combined with the imprisonment of many of his friends, weighed much on Manzoni's mind, and his work from that time was mainly inspired by the historical studies that tried to Brusuglio distraction after retiring.
Meanwhile, around episode dell'Innominato, historically identified as Francesco Bernardino Visconti, the novel began to take shape Fermo and Lucia, the original version The Betrothed, which was completed in September 1822. After review by friends between 1825 and 1827, it was published, one volume per year, leading to a sudden, a very famous literary author.
Also in 1822, Manzoni published his second tragedy, Adelchi, which is the overthrow by Charlemagne of the Lombard domination in Italy, and containing many veiled allusions to employment in Austria, in particular the figure of Ermengarde reminiscent of ' childhood friend Teresa Casati Confalonieri, for which, in 1830, will compose the epitaph gravestone at the historic Shrine of Soncino in Muggiò Casati Stampa (Milan). Following
Manzoni, to form the final draft the novel's formal and stylistic level, he moved to Florence in 1827, so get in touch and "live" the language of educated people of Florence, who represented the author the only language of unified Italy. I then reworked Betrothed after rinse "in Arno" making use of Italian in the form of Tuscany, and in 1840 published this rewrite. By assuming that this was the first true piece of Italian fruit total. These prints also the story of the infamous column, an essay that summarizes and develops the theme of the spreaders and the plague, which already had so much in the novel, which originally was an excursus storico.La Manzoni's life was saddened many sorrows. The loss of his wife in 1833 was followed by that of several of his children including the eldest daughter Julia, wife of Massimo D'Azeglio, mother and friend Fauriel. On January 2, 1837 he married his second wife, Teresa Borri, widow of Count Decio Press. He also survived the latter, while of nine children from his first marriage, only two died after the father.
In 1860 he was appointed senator in the First Parliament of unified Italy: voted for such office, in 1864, in favor of moving the capital from Turin to Florence as long as Rome was not freed. As chairman of the parliamentary committee on the language he wrote in 1868, a short treatise on the Italian language: Of the unity of Italian language and the means to spread it.
The death of his eldest son, Pier Luigi, 28 April 1873, was the final blow which hastened the end of Manzoni, after a fall at the exit from the church of San Fedele in Milan, where it suffered a head injury: its terms had a rapid collapse and he immediately fell ill, died of cerebral meningitis, May 22 in Milan. In the city Ambrosian the solemn funeral was held in the Cemetery, which saw a huge participation and presence of the princes and all the highest authorities of the state. In 1874, the anniversary of the death, Giuseppe Verdi composed his Requiem Mass to honor his memory and he personally directed the implementation in the church of San Marco. In 1883, ten years after his death, his tomb was moved to the memorial chapel of the Monumental Cemetery in Milan. Manzoni
The first section was written by Cesare Cantù (1885), Angelo de Gubernatis (1879), Arturo Graf (1898). One of the letters was published by John Manzoni Sforza (historian) in 1882. The last remaining branch of the family by Alessandro Manzoni is one of the accounts of Lugo di Romagna. Manzoni was appointed honorary citizen of Rome.
reaches the mother in the district of Auteuil in Paris, where he spent two years, participating in the literary circle of so-called ideologues, philosophers of the nineteenth century school, among which makes many friends, notably Claude Fauriel (which will have a strong influence on the formation of Manzoni, Alessandro fact Fauriel instilled a great interest in history and understand that it must write in rigid models and fixed in time, but must be able to express feelings that will enable them to write in a more "real", so as to "strike" the heart of the reader) and have the opportunity to learn the theories of agnostic. Alex soaks you to the French culture in classical art, skeptical and sensationalist in philosophy (the senses are the basis of knowledge, the Enlightenment and the rational critique of reality, and fight prejudice and tradition-derived authority, the religious problems are not based on experience, but on superstition) and assist the development of rationalism towards romantic location.
In 1806-1807, while it is at Auteuil, appears for the first time in public as a poet, with two pieces, one entitled Urania, in the neoclassical style of which then he will become the most strenuous opponent each other, rather , an elegy in blank verse, on the death of Count Carlo Imbonati, from which, through his mother, will inherit considerable wealth, including the villa of Brusuglio, since become his principal residence.
Through Fauriel, Manzoni comes into contact with the German Romantic aesthetics, even before Madame de Stael the spread in Italy. In 1809, after the publication of his poem Urania, Manzoni declares that it will write no more verses like, adhering to the romantic poetry, according to which poetry should not be intended for an elite educated and sophisticated, but must be of general interest and to interpret the aspirations and ideas of readers. Manzoni is now on the path of romantic realism, but never accept the belief of both the romance and of his own Fauriel that poetry should be naive expression of the soul, and then never give up the intellectual domain of feeling and expression in a subsidiary formal feature of all the romance italiano.Nel 1811 Manzoni, former anti-clerical reaction upbringing and indifferent rather than an agnostic or atheist with respect to the religious problem, it approximates to the Church. In 1808, in Milan, the writer had married the Calvinist Henriette Blondel (1791-1833), daughter of a banker in Geneva, the marriage proved happy, crowned by the birth of nine children. Back in Paris, the association with the priest Degola Eustachio, Genoa, Jansenist (which is derived from St. Augustine the absolutist interpretation of the problem of predestination, grace and free will), the couple takes one o'clock abjuration of Calvinism and the other to a rapprochement with Catholic religious practice (1810).
This reconciliation with Catholicism is the writer for the result of long meditations, his attitude, even in its narrow orthodoxy (ie in the need to adhere strictly to the dictates of the Church), has lead him to the colorings Jansenist strict interpretation of the Catholic religion and morality. The rediscovery of faith for Manzoni was the logical consequence of the direct and dissolve, in the early 800, the myth of reason, conceived as eternally valid and reliable source of feedback, so we need to find a new firm foundation of morality. Lost, therefore, the hope of achieving peace through reason, life and history seemed to him romantically immersed in a vain, distressing, unexplained disorder that keep people in desperate need to find a worldly view. In Manzoni, therefore, the existential restlessness fervent faith consists in reconciling it with the firmness intellectual.
His intellectual energy in the time immediately following the conversion was undertaken in the composition of five hymns: The Resurrection, The Name of Mary, Christmas, Passion and Pentecost, a series of poems on the principal liturgical feasts. It is also dedicated to a treaty, Observations on Catholic morality, which is undertaken under the guidance of religious Monsignor Luigi Tosi (Degola which he had entrusted the spiritual leader of the Manzoni family on their return to Italy), in reparation to its initial distance from the faith.
important in the spiritual evolution of Manzoni was also Antonio Rosmini which formed a deep friendship. Rosmini, on his deathbed, he will own the comfort of Manzoni, which leaves the spiritual testament: Worship, shut up and enjoy.
In 1818 he sold all his possessions Lecco, including the Caleotto family villa where he spent his childhood. Intended to move permanently to France and had sold the house in Via Morone in Milan, but negotiations with Gian Giacomo Poldi Pezzoli were interrupted because the Austrian authorities denied him a passport.
In 1819 Manzoni published his first tragedy, The Count of Carmagnola, which generated a lively controversy because it violated courage all the classic conventions. An article published on an important literary magazine criticized him severely, on the other hand was even Goethe said in his defense, along with less well-known critic from Pieve Ligure Trincheri.
The death of Napoleon in 1821 inspired Manzoni's famous lyric poem The May 5. The political events of that year, combined with the imprisonment of many of his friends, weighed much on Manzoni's mind, and his work from that time was mainly inspired by the historical studies that tried to Brusuglio distraction after retiring.
Meanwhile, around episode dell'Innominato, historically identified as Francesco Bernardino Visconti, the novel began to take shape Fermo and Lucia, the original version The Betrothed, which was completed in September 1822. After review by friends between 1825 and 1827, it was published, one volume per year, leading to a sudden, a very famous literary author.
Also in 1822, Manzoni published his second tragedy, Adelchi, which is the overthrow by Charlemagne of the Lombard domination in Italy, and containing many veiled allusions to employment in Austria, in particular the figure of Ermengarde reminiscent of ' childhood friend Teresa Casati Confalonieri, for which, in 1830, will compose the epitaph gravestone at the historic Shrine of Soncino in Muggiò Casati Stampa (Milan). Following
Manzoni, to form the final draft the novel's formal and stylistic level, he moved to Florence in 1827, so get in touch and "live" the language of educated people of Florence, who represented the author the only language of unified Italy. I then reworked Betrothed after rinse "in Arno" making use of Italian in the form of Tuscany, and in 1840 published this rewrite. By assuming that this was the first true piece of Italian fruit total. These prints also the story of the infamous column, an essay that summarizes and develops the theme of the spreaders and the plague, which already had so much in the novel, which originally was an excursus storico.La Manzoni's life was saddened many sorrows. The loss of his wife in 1833 was followed by that of several of his children including the eldest daughter Julia, wife of Massimo D'Azeglio, mother and friend Fauriel. On January 2, 1837 he married his second wife, Teresa Borri, widow of Count Decio Press. He also survived the latter, while of nine children from his first marriage, only two died after the father.
In 1860 he was appointed senator in the First Parliament of unified Italy: voted for such office, in 1864, in favor of moving the capital from Turin to Florence as long as Rome was not freed. As chairman of the parliamentary committee on the language he wrote in 1868, a short treatise on the Italian language: Of the unity of Italian language and the means to spread it.
The death of his eldest son, Pier Luigi, 28 April 1873, was the final blow which hastened the end of Manzoni, after a fall at the exit from the church of San Fedele in Milan, where it suffered a head injury: its terms had a rapid collapse and he immediately fell ill, died of cerebral meningitis, May 22 in Milan. In the city Ambrosian the solemn funeral was held in the Cemetery, which saw a huge participation and presence of the princes and all the highest authorities of the state. In 1874, the anniversary of the death, Giuseppe Verdi composed his Requiem Mass to honor his memory and he personally directed the implementation in the church of San Marco. In 1883, ten years after his death, his tomb was moved to the memorial chapel of the Monumental Cemetery in Milan. Manzoni
The first section was written by Cesare Cantù (1885), Angelo de Gubernatis (1879), Arturo Graf (1898). One of the letters was published by John Manzoni Sforza (historian) in 1882. The last remaining branch of the family by Alessandro Manzoni is one of the accounts of Lugo di Romagna. Manzoni was appointed honorary citizen of Rome.